Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychological science (Nystul, M. , 2005). Freud was considered the don of psychological science and believed that human beings mien was the result of unconscious headway(p) meshing thick in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M. , 2005). Jungs hypothesis certain instantaneously out of Freuds psycho analytic glide slope however he refuted several of Freuds identify points and set(p) an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytical approach to psychology however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M. , 2005).Freuds psychoanalytic hypothesis was the germ for many subsequent theorists work. His of import statement was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the central drive for all human inevitably (e. g. , sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal set and standards (e. g. , the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational purpose of thought that controllight-emitting diode the impulses of the id and superego.Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger at bottom reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected to his tail fin confronts of psycho inner information, where personality developed. The five stages of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated on until their needs were met and were able to force out on developmentally. The five stages admit oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages of development.The id relied on the stimulation of these zones until the child would move into the following(a) developmental stage. If an individu al were unable to move into the next stage, then they would fixate into that peculiar(a) stage, and this could mediate personality development (Garcia, 1995). For instance, adults that had non moved on by dint of the anal stage of psychosexual development argon representative of type-A personalities much(prenominal) that they be characterized as uptight, as children are as they are foc apply upon controlling potty instruction and bowel movements between ages one and three. Further more(prenominal), Freuds theory was focuse on sexual issues and conflict.For instance, he developed the Electra interlocking and Oedipus complex such that girls became jealous of their m opposites as they competed for their fathers sexual attention. Similarly, boys became jealous of their fathers finished penis envy as they want the sexual attention of their mothers and secretly precious to kill their fathers (Garcia, 1995). Freud used assessment methods to see the unconscious of his patients. H e believed that the unconscious used several techniques to keep conflicts in the unconscious and used methods to tap into his patients unconscious through psychoanalytic therapy.For instance, he developed barren association where patients said whatever came to their minds, connatural to a verbal day ideate (Macmillian, 2001). This helped patients to generate events that had been strangled and so they could achieve purgation in fellowship to relieve their deplorable symptoms. Freud similarly used hypnosis in his untimely therapy sessions. Moreover, Freud conducted dream analysis where he would run into dreams in order to tap into the unconscious on an individual dream by dream basis (Schept, 2007). The unconscious was also a main point of bet in Jungs psychoanalytic approach to psychology.However, Jung disagreed with Freud on three main points (Bergmann, 2008). First, Jung refuted the main importance of sexual anxiety in his theory. Instead, Jung stressed that sexual stres s was more of a generalized position that force a psychic energy of a person but include other aspects. Second, Jung believed that individuals were impacted by past and time to come events, while Freud postulated that individuals were impacted solely by events in an individuals life. Finally, Jung located a greater importance on the unconscious and developed the motif of the incarnate unconscious that was retrospective and prospective.Jung developed the radical of the collective unconscious and expanded the idea of the unconscious itself (Leader, 2009). He believed that in that respect was an aspect of the unconscious that included all of the past experiences of humankind. He believed that this study was passed down generation by generation as an accrual of human and prehuman experiences that helps the species to develop as a whole. He also believed that all individuals acquit a personal unconscious that contains information that was once known but has been suppressed be cause it was too painful to remember.Within the collective unconscious, there were a series of pilot lights or sets of universal experiences within the collective unconscious. For example, there was the persona archetype that is a cloak that an individual present to others during interactions in order to hide the true self from others. The darkest archetype was the shadow archetype that included the evils that human beings are responsible for. Other archetypes include the anima, animus, and self archetypes. Jung also believed that personality was the reply of psychological types that were based on the attitudes and functions of individuals (Dolliver, 1994).These types included the extraverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting) and introverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting). Depending upon type, individuals be give upd and interacted several(predicate)ly with others and the environment. These eight-spot psychological types may be likened to an other(a ) version of trait theory and other later personality theories. Moreover, Jung believed that personality developed throughout the lifetime, and individuals personalities did not appear as a result from unresolved conflict in childhood as Freud believed.Instead, individuals were unceasingly moving toward self-realization and individuation, which makes Jungs psychoanalytic approach more uplifting in comparison to Freuds more demoralised view of human development (Leader, 2009). Jungs assessment practices were similar but differed from Freuds methods. First, Jung used a word-association test such that patients would respond to a word that the healer said with the first word that came to their mind (Jung, 1907). This helped to tap into complexes of his patients.He also used symptom analysis to interpret the exculpate associations that patients made. Similar to Freud, Jung used a dream analysis technique but he worked with a series to dreams instead of eccentric dreams as Freud did t o develop a thematic interpretation based upon free repartee (Schept, 2007). While both Freud and Jungs theories led to the development of psychology as a scientific field, neither of these theories was based directly upon systematic experimentation. Instead, these psychoanalytic theories were based upon cocktail dress studies of individual clients (Thompson, 2002).Patient interviews were not record verbatim, and were based upon a small enactment of patients. While the reliability of theory development was not optimal for generalization to edict as a whole, these early ideas and theories helped neo scientists develop research questions that have been tried and true through empirical research methods, and have led to the development of more mod theories of behavior and personality. Without the early contributions of Freud and Jung, the face of psychology may look very different today. ReferencesBergmann, M. S. (2008). Freud/Jung Enlightenment, romanticism, and the irrational. Issues in pyhoanalytic Psychology, 30 (1), 43-58. Dolliver, R. H. (1994). Classifying the personality theories and personalities of Adler, Freud, and Jung with invagination/extraversion. Individual Psychology Journal of Alderian Theory, question & Practice, 50 (2), 192-202. Fayek, A. (2005). The centrality of the system Ucs in the theory of psychanalysis the nonrepressed unconscious. Psychanalytic Psychology, 22 (4), 524-543. Garcia, J. L. (1995).Freuds psychosexual stage conception A developmental parable for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73 (5), 498-502. Jung, C. (1907). On psychophysical relations of the associative experiment. The Journal of abnormal Psychology, 1 (6), 247-255. Leader, C. (2009). The odyssey A Jungian situation Individuation and meeting with aechetypes of the collective unconscious. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 25 (4), 506-519. Macmillian, M. (2001). The reliability and validity of Freuds methods of free association and interpretati on.psychological Inquiry, 12 (3), 167-175. Nystul, M. S. (2005) Introduction to Counseling an dodge and Science Perspective (3rd edition) New York Pearson Schept, S. (2007). Jacobs dream of a ladder Freudian and Jungian perspectives. Psychological Perspectives, 50 (1), 113-121. Shill, M. A. (2004). level anxiety, defense, and the pleasure porinciple. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21 (1), 116-133. Thompson, P. (2002). The bionomical imagination. European Journal of Psychotherapy, 5 (1), 71-85.