Mandatory Memo Essay

I am writing you this memo in compliance with the mandatory mediation requirements issued by the court. I would first like to state to you my stance in this case. I have been dealing with this particular vendor for about six months now. The business relationship started after my wife and I visited Mrs. Doe’s Sunday school class in Huntsville, Alabama. I was there in support of my wife and to explore the Christian religion, but in small talk Mrs. Doe informed me of her family’s grape vineyard and the value of a certain natural product they produced. My natural herb store was in need of some new products for my customers so I agreed to try Mrs. Doe’s product in my store. The muscatine products were a success so naturally I continued to place orders for the products by phone and paid the invoices as the money became available; at this point in the business relationship there was no written contracts signed between Mrs. Doe’s business and mine thus my understa nding is that our contract was of the implied variety, meaning that the action of my ordering and her supplying was the contract. After a few months I began hearing chatter about the popularity of muscadine grape products, and as a vendor I needed to get some legal documents locking down my business relationship Mrs. Doe’s vineyards before the price of the supply went too high. When I first started my company 2011, I remember reading a book about the laws of supply and demand. I remember reading that as the rise in demand grew the cost of the supply would grow as well. To refresh my memory I went back over that book and there it was in black and white â€Å"to make money within this cycle, get in early and get out early. That is, increase your supply as the demand starts to rise and cut your price as the demand starts to fall† (Ball K., Seidman. D 2011). Clearly our implied relationship was not going to be enough to keep me on top of this product increase, I knew whatever I was going to do I needed to do it fast. I had remembered that there as going to be a delivery coming from the vineyard that d ay so I typed up a quick contract that would set in place my current pricing and future deliveries as well. The contract was just a formality to  protect myself and my company, sure Mrs. Doe was a good Christian lady, but I was not convinced that Christianity and business had anything to do with one another. When Mrs. Doe’s son arrived with the delivery I asked the young man to sign the contract as, like I stated earlier, a formality for both companies. I had reviewed all aspects of the contract and did not perceive anything within the contract that was already out of our ordinary routine. I would call and place an order, Mrs. Doe would fill the order and deliver it to our establishment then within a month or so I would pay my invoice. Paying the invoice within 30-45 days gave me time to sell some of the product so that it virtually paid for itself. I was not aware of Mrs. Doe’s son’s age and since I was not expecting the business relationship to sour anytime soon, I did not think to ask if he was a legal adult. When I asked Mrs. Doe’s son to sign the contract he did not offer any information about his age either so in my defense what reason would I have to suspect otherwise. Once I learned of the Huffington Post’s article praising the value of muscadines I knew it was a matter of time before Mrs. Doe either opt to raise the price of her products, I never expected her to want to cancel our business transactions indefinite. I was sure by now that her some had disclosed the contract to his mother by now, it was pertaining to the family business and if he was competent enough to make the deliveries and assist his mother with the company then surely he was responsible enough to give her the contact that he had signed. When Mrs. Doe reveled to be that she was no longer going to supply me with the product I was surprised and angered, we had an agreement. Once Mrs. Doe informed me that she had no knowledge of the contract I immediately faxed the contract to her and then began researching my next legal steps. During my research of contract law I discovered a publication that highlighted all the legal aspects of binding legal contracts. There are several reasons that I judge may rule a contract unenforceable, one of which relates to nondisclosure due to lack of capacity, this immediately required more study. According to the publication â€Å"It’s expected that both (or all) parties to a contract have the ability to understand exactly what it is they are agreeing to. If it appears that one side did not have this reasoning capacity, the contract may be held unenforceable against that person. The issue of capacity to contract usually comes up when one side of the agreement is too young or does not have the  mental wherewithal to completely understand the agreement and its implications† (Stim 2000). I knew that Mrs. Doe would try to use her son’s age as a reason not to honor the contract. I personally believe that if Mrs. Doe actually had no knowledge of the contract it was due to her son’s deception thus proving he had full capacity when he signed the contract. I cannot contest to how thi s legal matter will change my thought process about Christianity. I do not see that Mrs. Doe’s attempt to dishonor our contract as an immoral act. When Mrs. Doe first contacted me I was angry and started to see her breach of contract as a flaw in her moral compass but then I read a passage in another publication I had researched. The aurthor stated that â€Å"a tension exists between the felt sense that wrong has been done when contracts are broken and the actual operation of the law† (Porat, A., & Ben-Shahar, O. 2010). I believe that I have to separate this lack of good judgment in Mrs. Doe’s case from my evaluation of God and Christianity, in doing so I must also take full advantage of my legal rights as a business owner. In order for my business not to suffer from this attempt to breach the contract either Mrs. Doe must honor the contract until the end or she must pay me for the damages that would be associated with the vineyard canceling our agreement, anything less would be unacceptable and a I will continue forward with my lawsuit. Ball, Madeline K.; Seidman, David. (2011). Dollars and Sense: Supply and Demand. Rosen Central. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from Porat, A., & Ben-Shahar, O. (2010). Fault in American Contract Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stim, R. (2011). Contracts: The essential business desk reference. Berkeley, CA: Nolo.

Mini case solution Essay

The keys to the company’s future value and growth are profitability (ROE) and the reinvestment of retained earnings. Retained earnings are determined by dividend payout. The spreadsheet sets ROE at 15% for the five years from 2006 to 2010. If Reeby Sports will lose its competitive edge by 2011, then it cannot continue earning more than its 10% cost of capital. Therefore ROE is reduced to 10% starting in 2011. The payout ratio is set at .30 from 2006 onwards. Notice that the long-term growth rate, which settles in between 2011 and 2012, is ROE Ãâ€" ( 1 – dividend payout ratio ) = .10 Ãâ€" (1 – .30) = .07. The spreadsheet allows you can vary ROE and the dividend payout ratio separately for 2006-2010 and for 2011-2012. But let’s start with the initial input values. To calculate share value, we have to estimate a horizon value at 2010 and add its PV to the PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010. Using the constant-growth DCF formula, The PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010 is $3.43 in 2004, so share value in 2004 is: ​ The spreadsheet also calculates the PV of dividends through 2012 and the horizon value at 2012. Notice that the PV in 2004 remains at $16.82. This makes sense, since the value of a firm should not depend on the investment horizon chosen for valuation. ​We have reduced ROE to the 10% cost of capital after 2010, assuming that the company will have exhausted valuable growth opportunities by that date. With PVGO = 0, PV = EPS/r. So we could discard the constant-growth DCF formula and just divide EPS in 2011 by the cost of capital: ​The keys to the company’s future value and growth are profitability (ROE) and the reinvestment of retained earnings. Retained earnings are determined by dividend payout. The spreadsheet sets ROE at 15% for the five years from 2006 to 2010. If Reeby Sports will lose its competitive edge by 2011, then it cannot continue earning more than its 10% cost of capital. Therefore ROE is reduced to 10% starting in 2011. The payout ratio is set at .30 from 2006 onwards. Notice that the long-term growth rate, which settles in between 2011 and 2012, is ROE Ãâ€" ( 1 – dividend payout ratio ) = .10 Ãâ€" (1 – .30) = .07. The spreadsheet allows you can vary ROE and the dividend payout ratio separately for 2006-2010 and for 2011-2012. But let’s start with the initial input values. To calculate share value, we have to estimate a horizon value at 2010 and add its PV to the PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010. Using the constant-growth DCF formula, The PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010 is $3.43 in 2004, so share value in 2004 is: ​​The spreadsheet also calculats the PV of dividends through 2012 and the horizon value at 2012. Notice that the PV in 2004 remains at $16.82. This makes sense, since the value of a firm should not depend on the investment horizon chosen for valuation. ​We have reduced ROE to the 10% cost of capital after 2010, assuming that the company will have exhausted valuable growth opportunities by that date. With PVGO = 0, PV = EPS/r. So we could discard the constant-growth DCF formula and just divide EPS in 2011 by the cost of capital: ​The keys to the company’s future value and growth are profitability (ROE) and the reinvestment of retained earnings. Retained earnings are determined by dividend payout. The spreadsheet sets ROE at 15% for the five years from 2006 to 2010. If Reeby Sports will lose its competitive edge by 2011, then it cannot continue earning more than its 10% cost of capital. Therefore ROE is reduced to 10% starting in 2011. The payout ratio is set at .30 from 2006 onwards. Notice that the long-term growth rate, which settles in between 2011 and 2012, is ROE Ãâ€" ( 1 – dividend payout ratio ) = .10 Ãâ€" (1 – .30) = .07. The spreadsheet allows you can vary ROE and the dividend payout ratio separately for 2006-2010 and for 2011-2012. But let’s start with the initial input values. To calculate share value, we have to estimate a horizon value at 2010 and add its PV to the PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010. Using the constant-growth DCF formula, The PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010 is $3.43 in 2004, so share value in 2004 is: ​​The spreadsheet also calculates the PV of dividends through 2012 and the horizon value at 2012. Notice that the PV in 2004 remains at $16.82. This makes sense, since the value of a firm should not depend on the investment horizon chosen for valuation. ​We have reduced ROE to the 10% cost of capital after 2010, assuming that the company will have exhausted valuable growth opportunities by that date. With PVGO = 0, PV = EPS/r. So we could discard the constant-growth DCF formula and just divide EPS in 2011 by the cost of capital: The keys to the company’s future value and growth are profitability (ROE) and the reinvestment of retained earnings. Retained earnings are determined by dividend payout. The spreadsheet sets ROE at 15% for the five years from 2006 to 2010. If Reeby Sports will lose its competitive edge by 2011, then it cannot continue earning more than its 10% cost of capital. Therefore ROE is reduced to 10% starting in 2011. The payout ratio is set at .30 from 2006 onwards. Notice that the long-term growth rate, which settles in between 2011 and 2012, is ROE Ãâ€" ( 1 – dividend payout ratio ) = .10 Ãâ€" (1 – .30) = .07. The spreadsheet allows you can vary ROE and the dividend payout ratio separately for 2006-2010 and for 2011-2012. But let’s start with the initial input values. To calculate share value, we have to estimate a horizon value at 2010 and add its PV to the PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010. Using the constant-growth DCF formula, The PV of dividends from 2005 to 2010 is $3.43 in 2004, so share value in 2004 is: ​ ​The spreadsheet also calculates the PV of dividends through 2012 and the horizon value at 2012. Notice that the PV in 2004 remains at $16.82. This makes sense, since the value of a firm should not depend on the investment horizon chosen for valuation. ​We have reduced ROE to the 10% cost of capital after 2010, assuming that the company will have exhausted valuable growth opportunities by that date. With PVGO = 0, PV = EPS/r. So we could discard the constant-growth DCF formula and just divide EPS in 2011 by the cost of capital: ​ ​

Addressing Challenges of Groups and Teams Essay

The use of teams in the workplace is continuing to grow because teams work more efficiently and are effective (Robbins & Judge, 2011). However with teams challenges and benefits present with group and team communication, collaboration, and conflict can arise. The Enron Corporation failed to have an effective plan to promote communication, collaboration, and address conflict. The following will review a plan that outlines the benefits and challenges of groups and team through the promotion of communication, collaboration, and address conflict. Creating an Effective Team  Three elements of an effective team are categorized as contextual, composition, and process (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The effectiveness of the team is dependent on the three elements collectively working together to form the team effectiveness. Contextual Factors The contextual factors determine the success of the team. The factors considered contextual are adequate resources, leadership and structure, climate of trust, and performance evaluation and reward system (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The adequate resources for a team begin with proper training about team development and how to work within a team. The team is supported by the organization and has the proper assistance to complete the tasks. The training plan for Enron begins with support from the organization. The team is supported by the executive leadership throughout the corporation. The failure of Enron resulted from the lack of executive leadership to support the ethical business practices within the organization. Therefore, an effective training plan with the support of the executive leadership is the key to success of ethical business practices throughout the organization. Leadership within a team is the key to the success of the team. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay Enron Corporation executive leadership failed to act as a leader and set the organizational objective for conducting business. The leader within the team helps the team define the shared objectives, member skills, and role clarity for the team members (Yukl, 2010). The leader of the team helps to establish the climate of trust among the members of the team. The climate of trust was not established throughout the Enron Corporation because the executive leadership knowingly engaged in accounting fraud and formation of illegal partnerships. The training plan allows each aspect of the contextual element to support the training plan for ethics throughout the organization. Composition Factors The composition factors of the effective team are composed of the abilities of the team members, personality of the members, and allocation of members. The team members have different skills and abilities identified and properly used to allow the member the reach the fullest potential as a member of the team. Identifying skills and abilities allows the proper allocation of roles (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Personality of members may have an effect on the team ability to complete tasks. Members of the team must be aware of their own personality to begin understanding how personality of others offers contributions to the team. Measuring emotional intelligence can help with self-reflection. â€Å"Emotional intelligence reflects the ability to read and understand others in social contexts, to detect nuances of emotional reactions, and to utilize such knowledge to influence others through emotional regulation and control† (Prati, Douglas, Ferris, Ammeter, & Buckley, 2003, p. 21). Therefore, leaders with high emotional intelligence assures self-reflection and reflection of others to determine the most appropriate way to interact with others. Team Processes The final element of effective teams is team processes. The team processes define the purpose and plan of the team. The processes set the goal for the team. Team efficacy occurs with continued success of the team. Team processes also provide plans for handling conflict as it occurs within the team. Applying the Training Program for Enron Enron’s collapse resulted from unethical business practices. The executive leadership within the corporation participated in the accounting fraud and hiding financial losses of the corporation. Enron’s code of ethics for the company should have served as a guide for employees ethically to conduct business practices. However, a waiver is included in the code of ethics that allowed the organization to engage in activities seen as a conflict of interest at the discretion of the chief executive officer (Elson & Gyves, 2003). The executive leadership failed to implement organizational behavior to instill ethical business practices throughout the company (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The initial step to applying the training plan is communication. Communication among the members of a team and a corporation serve as the first step toward success. Communication among the members of the team can occur through electronic mail, memos, and face-to-face meetings (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The leader of the team is responsible for communication between the team and the executive leadership. Communication serves to engage members of the organization, implement change, and establish a checks and balances systems. The Enron Corporation failed to communicate effectively throughout the organization. This lack of communication gave opportunity for the executive leadership to conduct unethical business practices. Collaboration among the members of an organization and team build the cohesiveness of the team and stimulate creativity to solve problems. Using collaboration to build the cohesion of the team keeps each team committed to the goals and mission of the organization. Collaboration will also help to maintain ethical business practices by assuring members of the organization responsible for the accounting and business practices are using checks and balances to report information accurately. Conflict is expected to arise in team and group work. Therefore, the leader must be dedicated to addressing conflict and guiding the team through the conflict. Failure to address conflict can lead to failure of the team (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The leader of the team will use the conflict process to work through conflict. The training plan for Enron that included managing conflict can help to address unethical business practices prior to occurrence. Through the use of internal and external audits deficiencies and conflicts can be identified and addressed before unethical business practices are implemented. Conclusion Communication, collaboration, and conflict management are keys to the success of teams and businesses. Enron failed to communicate, collaborate, and management conflict leading to the failure of a corporation. Enron allowed executive leaders to stifle communication, collaboration, and conflict management to hide fraudulent accounting practices. The implementation of a training plan supportive of communication, collaboration, and conflict management may have identified and addressed issues leading to the success rather than the failure of Enron Corporation.

Innovative Approaches to Managerial Development Research Paper - 1

Innovative Approaches to Managerial Development - Research Paper Example Such innovations are required more because of the growing competition in the world of business. When innovations are included as part of the managerial development in organizations, they become capable of producing new products, develop new processes and systems, that in turn enable the organizations to cope with the changing conditions of markets, introduction and use of new technologies, and competition. Innovations in organizational and managerial development are practical concerns of the managers of an organization, and thus several theories have also been developed to support the innovative approaches to managerial development (Lawson & Samson, 2001). While considering different approaches within an organization, leaders give confidence, look forward to and recompense innovation from every sphere within the organization that are beyond the only fields of research and development. In this way, organizational learning and knowledge may be associated with the products, processes, technologies and conventional competencies. Innovations in the recent times are not used by organizations as any means for inadequate resources for indecisive results. Rather, managements incorporate innovations in order to use them as means for generating new understanding and competitive advantage. â€Å"They recognize that business units producing profits today may not represent the best opportunities for business tomorrow. Mainstream factors and innovation are therefore managed integratively so that the two work in harmony† (Lawson & Samson, 2001). Organizations that are adaptive focus on innovations by maintaining open and dynamic network relationships, thereby making organizations capable of handling situations that not usual. In this way, networks and ideas are exchanged among different organizations through which cultural changes are promoted that assist in modification of such networks and organizational relationships that are

The Ruling by the European Court of Justice Essay

The Ruling by the European Court of Justice - Essay Example Notably, the commercial law facet has equally been affected by relative implications. In this, the commercial agent gets in a business relationship with the principal. Both have distinctive roles to play and failure of one party has adverse legal implications. The legal impacts are apparent in scenarios such as Semen v Deutsche Tamoil GmbH (C-348/07)1. Undoubtedly, the ruling had direct influence on the decisions of both parties. Particularly, factors pertaining to indemnity and compensation are the most critical. It is in this regard that this paper provides an in depth evaluation of the decision of the principal regarding choice of indemnity upon termination of a commercial agency. This is done in light of the ruling of Semen v Deutsche Tamoil GmbH (C-348/07). To enhance coherence, the paper begins by reviewing the ruling of this case2. In this case, the agent needed to be paid an indemnity by the principal after the contractual relationship was terminated. The bone of contention b etween parties Blanc Canet v Europcar France [2005] ECC 34 and Smith v Reliance Water Controls Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 1153; [2003] Eu LR 874 stems from the size of the indemnity that was supposed to be awarded3. In particular, it was not clear whether the methodologies employed in indemnity calculation were in line with the legal provisions4. The court as in Cooper and others v Pure Fishing (UK) Ltd [2004] EWCA 375 held that during the calculations of the indemnity to be awarded to the agent, there was dire need to factor in all the losses that the agent would encounter. Although these are wide and varied as established in Crane v Sky In-House Services Ltd [2007] EWHC 66, they are important in ensuring that justice is served and the respective indemnity is reflective of all the losses that the agent incurs5. This preposition is further supported by Claramoda Ltd v Zoomphase Ltd [2009] EWHC 2857 outcomes6. Undoubtedly, this ruling implies that the value of the indemnity would usually be higher than the expectations of the principal7. As defined in Duffen v Frabo SpA [2000] 1 Lloyds Rep 180, this is because the business relationships that the agent establishes with a host of parties are not only intricate but also numerous8. Also, this is well examined in Douglas King v T Tunnock Ltd [2000] SLT 744. Usually, these relationships seek to ease business operations as well as meet the fundamental goals of the business. In this respect, they aim at optimizing profits and enhancing sustainable growth. To attain this, the agents invest significant resources in terms of money and finances. Although worth appreciating according to Ingmar GB Ltd v Eaton Leonard Ltd [2001] EWHC 3; [2001] Eur LR 755 and Tony Vick v Vogle-Gapes Ltd [2006] EWHC 1579 is the intellectual resource that the agents employ in attaining relative goals9. For this reason, the agents would only be satisfied if all these efforts would be rewarded by the indemnity. Further, the ruling established that the pr incipal would still benefit from the business relationships that were established by the commercial agent. Likewise, this was akin to the findings of Hacket v Advanced Medical Computer Systems Ltd [1999] CLC 160 case10. From an economic point of view, relative benefits would probably increase with time. This is because of the presumption that businesses would

Stuffed and Starved Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stuffed and Starved - Essay Example He also says that also included are urban consumers who live in slums and do industrial jobs, or those who live in exclusive houses and work in big offices. The only people exempted from the list are corporate food executives. To them, the food system works excellently. The value of the food chain lay square at the hands of these corporations. Patel argues out his point using an appropriate example from India where farmers committed suicide due to agriculture and trade liberalization. The liberalization led to 20% fall in the rural income. Free Trade treaties cannot solve poverty issues in the developing nations. Chapter three of this book provides a definite example to Rajab’s stand in food distribution in most developing nations. Most Americans think and believe that it is the fault of the Mexicans that causes their poverty. However, according to Rajab, the problem or poverty in Mexico has its foundational cause in the American government and trade. The US and Canada entered a treaty with Mexico in order to allow free trade of goods among the countries. The treaty was signed in 1994. One of the examples that Patel uses in the book is that of the Mexican Free Trade Treaty with the US and Canada in 1994. 60% of Mexican cultivated land was used for growing corn, which was the key staple food for the larger Mexican population (Patel 54). The supporters of free trade had one thing in mind that by forcing producers to enter into competition with each other, there would be an automatic price fall, thus, helping the mass urban population. Corn price in most of the Mexican markets collapsed while the US imports into the country increased significantly (Ning.com). The US corn farmers, on the other hand, were heavily funded by their government through subsidies creating a conducive environment for them to carry out their trading activities. The market competition between the farmers from the two countries was, therefore, biased on the side of the Mexicans. The im pact of this type of trade was predictably undesirable on the Mexican side. Most of the Mexicans suffered malnutrition, with a great number becoming obese. Moreover, the step taken by Wal-Mart to organize and conduct a joint trade with Mexican’s Wal-Mex worsened the situation. Wal-Mart took three out of every ten pesos that was spent on food in the country (Patel 34). Another related epigraph that Raj is using in his book is about the step made by Britain, as the pioneer of grain trade, to encourage nations like India to sell their wheat stocks. This automatically brought about famine in the entire Asian continent, as India is the production house of grains in the entire continent. The British, on the other hand, enjoyed cheap foods especially the factory workers. Raj’s first insight was that free market always favors consumers, and not producers. It lowers the prices, at the same time forcing most of the weakest products out of the market. This is not entirely true an y way. However, it does fit well in such a case. Free market certainly causes market price fall. This permits the same population to live with very few farmers and focus on knowledge or other skill related opportunities. For the profitability to be maintained, traders have an obligation to ensure that they expand their market and sell to more people. The more the number of buyers, the lesser the price, this is because of

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 36

English - Essay Example This mortality rate inspires her to write mostly on death. Today’s writers are inspired by her ability to write on this responsive painful subject in a creative invented way. The ‘sweat-shop’ in the torment building is a meeting point for the Jewish population. The Jews try to socialize since they are common immigrants. However, there exist social and economic differences that divide the Jewish community. The writer tries to explain the ways to live in America in relation to work and romance. It brings out the concept of faith by clearly mentioning conviction as the best way to prosper in America. "They read the Tuesday Psalm in the synagogue this morning, but I should have read the Monday one." Cahan urges that assimilation is as a result of industrialization. Many Jews worked for the industries and from the work place many families’ dynamics were learnt. Immigrants are forced to learn English in America so as to fit in the society. Themes of creation of wealth, hope, gender and Christianity are mainly focused. The urge for being rich for the poor is shown by Deborah who steals money. Hugh is jailed after being caught with the money as indicated by this quote: â€Å"Hugh Wolfe, operative in Kirby & Johns Loudon Mills. Charge, grand larceny. Sentence, nineteen years hard labor in penitentiary.† This shows how the poor take futile attempts so as to acquire wealth. Development in gender balance is depicted majorly by Karl statute who is a hero in the story. Hugh’s femininity with strength in the struggle to make a living gives hope to future equality in gender. Hope is considered worthless in the story if the social status remains as it is. The writer insists that for hope to be instilled back, reforms must be of Christian norms. Christianity is depicted as the major theme in the story as seen in the last line of the story; God has set the promise of the Dawn. The argument is that Christianity serves as the only hope in the

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Research Paper Example However, it does not mean that other factors such as crime, unemployment rate and pollution levels are at low or minimum levels. This is because GDP does not factor these issues in the above equation and does not take these issues into consideration. As such, a positive GDP will not necessarily mean a country has a low unemployment rate when the economy is â€Å"good†. Logically, if a country has positive GDP growth, it means that economy is â€Å"good†. Thus, businesses profit and demand for labor to meet the market demands for supply of goods and services grows. Increased demand for labor will also result in higher wages offered and lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. Crime rates may decrease as people have jobs to support the cost of living; but this factor is not calculated in the equation. So when the economy is â€Å"good† as shown by the positive GDP, it does not mean that everything is â€Å"good† for its people. As an example, think about the rising cost of health care, which would be classified in the equation as consumer spending (C). Although the increase in consumer spending will contribute positively to the GDP, this is under the mistaken assumption that all individuals in the family can afford higher health care costs (Schwartz, 2010). This is also the case for the costs of education and leisure. If a GDP is positive, it does not necessarily mean that all of the people in the country have more money for leisure and can afford higher education costs. A developed nation almost always has a high GDP (Wikipedia), but at what cost does this development come? The question arises as to whether their development is detrimental to the environment. When businesses expand, they will need more space to build offices and other developments for people’s benefit. This will see a reduction in green areas or even deforestation; and myriad pollutions by industries- be it air, water or sound pollution- will also

Chines Leisure Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chines Leisure Industry - Essay Example Similarly, gardening or cooking which can be considered a leisure activity for many, but that does not necessarily mean it is one for a gardener or a chef. Defining leisure is very difficult because of its complexities. Any activity that people enjoy doing after completing their obligations, which causes relaxation and peace of mind, can be considered a leisure activity. Because of its abstract nature, it is difficult to name all leisure activities. Leisure activities are likely to keep changing with time but it will always be something that a person enjoys doing and brings them happiness. The leisure industry refers to an industry that is closely related to people's leisure lifestyle, leisure activities and leisure requirements, including primarily the economic forms and industry systems such as entertainment, tourism, service, culture and sports industries, and groups that are generated from such industries (Yan, 2006). The People's Republic of China is the third largest country in the world in terms of area, and the first largest in terms of population (China National Tourism Administration). Until a few years ago, the leisure industry in China was unheard of. However, with changing times, this concept has been flourishing rapidly. Leisure and vacations have become very common and attracted the attention of many citizens and governmental organizations. According to statistics from China's National Tourism Administration, as a major representative of the leisure industry, China's domestic tourism industry recorded 1.2 billion in tourist volume and 768.6 billion Yuan in total tourism revenue in 2005, and has been growing ever since. Because the tourism industry is a significant impulse to consumption and economic growth, twenty-four Chinese provinces now consider the tourism industry as a pillar industry, or a leading industry (Yan, 2006). As many as twenty-four of China's thirty-one provinces, muni cipalities and autonomous regions have made tourism one of their leading industries, encouraging greater consumer spending in leisure activities (Access Asia, 2004). As China's consumer market expands, government and private companies are looking to exploit areas of potential opportunity in the theme and amusement park industry. The Chinese government recognizes the potentially massive boost that increased domestic demand. While foreign direct investment (FDI) provides valuable income, it cannot be compared with surging urban spending in the country's wealthy coastal provinces. Major cities down the eastern seaboard are home to China's expanding urban middle class younger generation of consumers with rising disposable income and an increasing tendency to spend rather than save. While, well to do consumers can afford to travel to other parts of the country on holidays, a vast majority of consumers look for entertainment destinations close to home. These typically include zoos and wildlife parks, aquariums and marine parks, and theme and amusement parks (Access Asia, 2004). Hence, the demand for this kind of entertainment has been increasing, and this industry has seen a rapid growth. Chinese theme parks advocate seeing the world through the ideas upon which many of the theme parks are built. Their aim is to promote and educate people on Chinese culture as well as world cultures. The parks portray beautiful sceneries, architectural

Govt research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Govt research paper - Essay Example (United Nations 2011) The World Tourism Organisation, or UNWTO, serves as a tool where tourism policy matters can be discussed and also helps in developing tourism proficiency among the participating nations. UNWTO plays a vital role in decision-making for the development of tourism that is accessible among nations. Priority is given to developing countries. This organisation has already achieved a significant milestone in line with its aspirations. In 2010, arrivals of tourists around the world have increased to 7% and international tourism has reached export earnings of â‚ ¬693 billion. Furthermore, the level of economic recovery has been high due to fast growth of arrivals. During the first quarter of 2011, arrivals of tourists worldwide went up to 5%. The impacts of global financial and economic crises to tourism during 2008 to 2009 have been addressed and resolved by UNWTO. UNWTO monitors about 150 countries which provide monthly and quarterly reports on international tourist arrivals to UNWTO. In the last quarter of 2011, positive results were shown by 122 countries while only 27 of them submitted negative results. (UNWTO 2011) UNWTO did not really fail in its undertakings, though it is but normal for it to undergo certain challenges and have some room for improvements. In 2007, tourism had been linked to climate change since both international and domestic arrivals and trips had been contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise, the tourism industry back then was likely to suffer from the effects of climate change. Eventually, changes in climate trends might have threatened tourism in those countries where climate greatly affect tourism like in Northern Europe, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean. The biggest challenge here was for UNWTO to balance its solutions to the setbacks in tourism while striving to reduce emissions of

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Poes Black Cat, Poes TellTale Heart Term Paper

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Poes Black Cat, Poes TellTale Heart - Term Paper Example By and large, the three unreliable narrators fairly tackle the distinction, if not the confusion, between truth and illusion; and it is the task of the readers to uncover the tale and not the teller. What the main protagonist calls the devil, Victor Frankenstein’s monster thoroughly tells his creator the story about the things and events that occurred to him. Unlike the two unreliable narrators in Poe’s stories, Frankenstein’s devil does not intend to persuade his listener that he is not mad. At the deeper level, however, Frankenstein’s monster subtly attempts to convince his creator that he is also a human being capable of reasoning and comprehending the things around him. On the other hand, the unreliable narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart tries to convince his audience, through speech, that he is not mad or crazy. Said narrator argues to his audience -- as if they are there and hearing his argument -- that he is not mad for several reasons. First, he is me ntally healthy because his â€Å"sense of hearing [is] acute† (Poe 110). Second, his way of telling the story is done in a calmly manner. And third, he is not mad because, as the unreliable narrator contents, he performed the work with caution and foresight. In The Black Cat, the unreliable narrator presents the wild yet homely narrative without any expectation from his readers to believe what he will say. Like the narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart, the unreliable narrator here makes a defense for himself that he is not mad: â€Å"Yet, mad am I not† (Poe 58). But unlike The Tell-Tale-Heart narrator, the unreliable narrator in The Black Cat provides no reasons as to why he is not mad. His primary purpose, though, of writing down the story is to â€Å"place before the world †¦ a series of mere household events† (Poe 58). Frankenstein’s monster as a narrator is unreliable primarily because of the vividness of his narrative; the apparent paradox here is th at the monster is created by a scientist and, at a brief span of time, able to speak and think in an intelligent and mature way. As a modern-day reader, it appears contradictory to hear or read Frankenstein’s monster speaks clearly and rationally. In The Tell Tale Heart, the narrator is unreliable for the reason that his argument is unsound. When he said that his sense of hearing is acute or sharp, the narrator refers to this acuteness as the ability to hear â€Å"many things in hell† (Poe 110). Moreover, his contention that he narrates the story in a calm manner is strongly contradictory to his last statement: â€Å"... here, here!--It is the beating of his hideous heart!† (Poe 113). The narrator in The Black Cat is unreliable when one reads his line: â€Å"[M]y very senses reject their own evidence† (Poe 58). As the story unfolds, the unreliable senses of the narrator become much apparent. In the last episode, for instance, the narrator tries to find th e black cat -- whom he calls as the beast -- in an endeavor to â€Å"put it to death† (Poe 63). After murdering his wife, the narrator fails to find the where-about of the black cat. Finally, when the wall crumbles down where his wife is laid, â€Å"the monster ... [is] within the tomb† after all (Poe 64). The purpose of the unreliable narrator in the story is to allow the readers to think for a moment about the reality or truthfulness of the narrative. Lawrence said to â€Å"[t]rust the tale, not the teller† (qtd. in Pacheco and Meyers 71). This implies that the

Discussion - Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Discussion Stereotypes Essay Although some people believe that they do not use stereotypes to describe people or even think of others differently, that is false. In this generation, stereotypes are everywhere and are almost impossible to not be affected by them. The true definition of the word ‘stereotype,’ is a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Stereotypes can be applied to just about anything; ranging from age, gender, media, social, racial, and even class. These are just a few areas that can be stereotyped. Regardless of what anyone says or tries to do, stereotypes are unavoidable; they are used to categorize just about everything and everyone. One of the most common stereotypes out there is about gender. Many people categorize gender and what they hear about the two different genders and then make judgments based on those things that they heard. For example, one major stereotype about women is that they are terrible drivers. Although this may be true in some cases, it does not mean that all women are terrible at driving. There is proof to this because there are some professional drivers that are women. Also, the stereotype that all men are tough, outgoing, macho men is not true. Maybe some men would like people to think that they are too tough to hurt, but this does not go for everyone. Another stereotype about women is that they are not good at sports, but in reality there are so many professional sports players out there that are women. Granted that not all women are good at sports, there are still so many out there that are great at sports. Also, the stereotype that men or women who spend too much time on their computers or reading books are geeks is just ridiculous. Sometimes people have a hard time fitting in with the real world so instead they like to spend time on the internet where they can easily fit in somewhere with other people easily. In order to fit in on the internet all you need is a couple clicks and you are there. Spending time on the internet doesn’t make anyone a geek regardless of the reason for going on to the internet so much. Another humorous stereotype about men is that all men are slobs. While this is true about many men, it is not true about all of them. Some men suffer from OCD, and will have to make everything they do perfect and neat, but others just do not like to be sloppy or slobs. Also, many people think that men are the slobs and women are the neat ones, but that is completely incorrect. There are so many women who are even bigger slobs than men and are completely fine with being a slob and it does not bug them one bit. Even though some of those stereotypes out there might be true for some people that does not mean that all stereotypes will be true for everyone. While it is true that gender has a pretty big role while dealing with stereotypes, society has an even bigger role. Within today’s society, just about everything has a certain stereotype, if not multiple stereotypes about it. Stereotypes are created towards music, grades, how one dresses, tattoos, piercings, and so much more. While music is one of the most important things to many people, others will change the way they think about someone based on what music they listen to. Some people will even avoid someone completely just because of the music that they choose to listen to. For example, a group of people who like to listen to rap music might avoid being with a person who enjoys jazz. Also, society deals with people having tattoos as such a negative thing; regardless of what the tattoo stands for or is about. Someone who might be saving lives as a doctor who has tattoos can be viewed as a negative person just for the fact that he or she has tattoos. This has to be one of the most unfair, ridiculous stereotypes that our society has come up with. What one person would like to make permanent on their own body should not matter to other people especially if it is not offensive in any way. Some people will get tattoos for loved ones who passed away, but somehow in other people’s eyes doing so is very wrong and the person should be judged as a negative human. Some people will even go as far as think of someone with tattoos as a criminal. As for piercings, it is almost the same way about tattoos, but there is some leeway with piercings. Society thinks it is alright for humans to get piercings, but once someone wants to make those piercings into gauges, everything about it is wrong. A gauge is simply a larger piercing. To make a gauge, one needs to get their ear pierced and then once it heals, they simply stretch the healed piercing making it a larger hole. Somehow this is also viewed negatively and therefore, people with gauges are viewed as bad people. It is actually harder to get a job for a person that has tattoos and gauges than a person without these, regardless of the intelligence of either person. Just about every company does not want to hire any ‘negatively viewed’ people to become their employees. It does not matter how smart the person can be; if the person has tattoos or gauges, most likely the company will hire someone else. This is not fair to anyone and it is all thanks to stereotypes made by society all about society. Although just about everyone hates some stereotypes, everyone uses them and makes more, it is beyond hypocritical, but everyone does it; which brings me to the comic strip. In the comic strip, a man is talking to his therapist about stereotypes and how he hates them, but in the way he is doing so, he is also making a stereotype of his own about people who make stereotypes. This goes to show that even if everyone wants to end stereotypes, it is just about impossible to completely end them. Stereotypes are just too common and easy to create more and more and spread across the world. Although gender and social are two big factors of stereotyping, the largest must be racial stereotyping. Not everyone wants to act in a rude way towards other races, but it is just unavoidable due to stereotypes. In the short video, â€Å"A class divided,† the teacher, Jane Elliot, dared to do something that could possibly end her career as a teacher. She decided to teach her kids about discrimination towards other races. In a class full of brown eyed and blue eyed white children she told her class that all the blue eyed children were better and more important than the other brown eyed children. This caused little chaos within the class, one blue eyed kid got in a fight with a brown eyed child because the brown eyed child was thought to be less important than the blue eyed child. This chaos in the class started within a day of starting this experiment. The next day Elliot did the same test, but instead of blue eyed children being the more important, this day was the brown eyed children. Although this was a very risky testing, the results stuck with the children for the rest of their lives. These children knew first hand just how bad it felt being picked on because of stereotypes. The movie Crash is known for the dramatic roles it plays with racial stereotyping and many other stereotypes. Just about the whole movie is continuously going on about different stereotypes and how it affects different people. For example, in the movie an Egyptian store clerk was robbed and on the walls the robbers wrote stereotypes against Arabians. This goes to show that many people can’t tell the difference between some cultures or races so they will just group them with some other race. Within the in-class discussion about the different races, there were different views on each of the races, but some people thought alike using stereotypes to think that way. Some races were thought of as negative stereotypes while other races had positive stereotypes. For example, while talking about Germany, the class thought of Hitler, beer, and Nazi. Two out of those three statements are negative; beer was the only non negative one that was said. While Germany was deemed negative, Australians were thought of as positive. The Australian list consisted of animals and accents, which both are positive. Finally, in the article, Stereotypes Simply Psychology, the author talks about different races and what some races thought of others. The study done showed that white Americans were seen as industrious, progressive and ambitious, while African Americans were seen as lazy, ignorant and musical. This just goes to show that just about all people think differently about all races, even if the thoughts could be way off or pin point on, stereotypes are included in everyday life. To sum everything up, there are some positive stereotypes, but there are even more negative stereotypes out there. There are labels dealing with just about everything one can think of, ranging from society to gender to age to even the media. Although stereotypes are mostly negative and bad for everyone, they also sometimes help us humans out. While thinking fast, humans use stereotyping to quickly categorize the object or human that they are thinking about. This automatic process of ours can be helpful, but it can also be harmful depending on how one chooses to use this quick ability. While stereotypes can truly be helpful, the vast majority of all people choose to use labels as a negative thing to put others down in a hurtful way. More and more stereotypes pop up each year, some more hurtful than the previous ones. Although these stereotypes are harmful, there is little to nothing that we as a society can do to get rid of them; they are everywhere and always being created. Works Cited A Class Divided. William Peters. Frontline, 1985. Film. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Stereotypes Simply Psychology. Retrieved from Meehan, K. Pros Cons. [Comic]. http://www. thecomicstrips. com/store/add. php? iid=83614.

A Study On Unethical Behavior In Sport Sport Essay

A Study On Unethical Behavior In Sport Sport Essay The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not winning but taking part; the essential thing in life is not conquering but fighting well. This phrase was said by the founder of the Olympics, Baron Pierre de Coubertin. Where has this Olympic message gone to? Nowadays, it seems like everyone is only interested in the medals. Where is the motto of the Olympics; Citius, altius, fortius swifter, higher, stronger, which can be interpreted as â€Å"striving to beat ones personal best† (Introduction: Its not the, 2010). When I was younger, and still competing, I remember people telling me that it is not important to win, but to take part. Nowadays, sport is all about money. If you have money, you can be better, stronger and more successful. But what about the ethical issue? Is todays sport with all the money, commercialization, drug abuse and bribing still ethical? Can we be sure that the winner is really the best, not just the one who paid off the referees, or the one who has taken performance enhancing drugs? In my opinion, sport in general has become more about the money than the true competition within the fair-play and has gone far beyond what was sometimes called a celebration of the fittest, therefore unethical behavior in sport industry has increased rapidly. Competition by itself â€Å"is not unethical†. It is normal that the success in the competition be rewarded. Competition is essential to sport as a good motivator; it pushes each individual to strive for his/her best. â€Å"Celebrating achievement† is also not unethical† either, â€Å"but it can drive some competitors to unethical behavior† (Introduction: Its not the, 2010). In current sport industry, there are many forms of unethical behavior starting from players and referees all the way to the media and fans. At first, we need to clarify what the fair play means, as a synonym to ethics in sport. In sport fair play â€Å"means using only tactics that are in accord with the spirit of the sport†. Unfortunately, many athletes do not follow this fair play rules to achieve the victory, but use other unfair methods, sometimes â€Å"dubious but legal, sometimes illegal. Players These days, professional players, athletes or sportsmen earn gigantic amounts of money. They do not only represent themselves as individual, but many times, they are the icons of certain brands. These brands create multi-million contracts with athletes in order to connect their brand with excellent performance of the athletes. Therefore, these athletes are put under enormous pressure, not only from their teams, but also from their sponsors. Besides this fact, many of the professional athletes represent the icons, or are role models to many young people all over the world, so the pressure is even bigger. This creates fertile conditions for unethical behavior, sometimes unintentionally, sometimes on purpose.   Being unfair, does not have to necessarily mean illegal, but it can still be referred to as cheating. Such forms of cheating may be distracting your opponents during the game or the race by saying different rude things to your opponents, also â€Å"misrepresenting ones skills is another technique, where you make your opponent over or underestimate you, which may benefit the athlete. These examples are not against the rules, but certainly could be referred to as unethical behavior. Another example of unethical behavior especially favorite among football players is called faking or simulation of the foul. This has been incorporated in to the rules of football because of the frequent misuse by players (Rules and Regulations, 2010). The most concerned unethical behavior among players is using performance enhancing drugs. This form of cheating is illegal, and doping controls cost international federations lots of money. Performance enhancing drugs â€Å"are any substance taken to perform better athletically†, or are also called anabolic steroids (Performance-Enhancing Drug, n.d.). The taking of such drugs not only enhances your performance, but it causes serious health problems. This issue is not only a problem of health of the abusers, but these athletes are role models for many young people, so if the case reveals, young people can copy their models in order to win. We are living in a very competitive world with everyone trying to push the borders. That is why many people start using drugs; they are unable to keep up with the others, who might also use doping. There is a long list of forbidden substances created by anti-doping agencies, but there is still a big controversy. Some of the medically prescrib ed drugs contain forbidden substances and even this is being misused (Guler, 2003). Taking drugs is unethical, but also very questionable, because the use of â€Å"enhancement substances†¦ dates back to Ancient Greek†, where athletes were taking some natural products to enhance their performance (Performance-Enhancing Drug, n.d.). There are debates, to create two categories of sport, one â€Å"clean† and another one where steroids will be allowed. Cycling is one of the sports where doping is used. Lance Armstrong has been accused several times for using such drugs, but it has never been confirmed. Many people think he must have taken something, because of his extraordinary performance at The Tour de France. Another case with the use of doping was revealed in 2003, it was â€Å"the biggest doping cover up†. In the 1988 Seoul Olympics, Ben Johnson, a Canadian sprinter, won a gold medal in a World record. But later, he was positively tested on a forbidden substance, so the medal was taken from him and given to Carl Lewis, the American athlete. But 15 years later, it was revealed that 19 American athletes who had not passed the drug tests â€Å"were allowed to compete at Olympic Games† from 1988 to 2000. Among them was Carl Lewis, who was given the gold medal, after Ben Johnson was disqualified (10 Drug scandals, 2003). As we can see in the table below, the number of athletes that failed the drug tests has an increasing potential. This is not a good sign for the sport, it gives bad impression. Many athletes that failed the tests publicly claim that the others are using it as well; they just have not got caught yet. I have had a personal experience with unethical behavior of players. When I was a cross country skier, I heard about some of my colleagues taking some kind of performance enhancing substances. I refused to be like them, because I believe in clean sport, and it was against my values and principles, but on the other hand, I was never the best. I think this is the issue of taking such drugs, which some people, even if they prepare, and train their hardest, never win, so they are frustrated and agree to take these drugs to equal to their competitors. Referees In this group, bribery is very common and unethical practice. Referees are also exposed to enormous pressure since there is a lot of money involved in the sport, therefore winning can sometimes be achieved by other way then just a matter of chance. If the team is about to fall out of the first league, or it is a very important match, referees might be bribed to make decisions in favor of only one party. Mostly this is the case in countries were referees have low salaries, therefore they are very vulnerable to accept a bribe. Referees should be honest, and their top value should not be money, otherwise they are very likely to be bribed (Guler, 2003).   Referee can also influence the game unintentionally, without being bribed. It is because referees are also only humans, and humans make mistakes. In some sports, referees have to make decisions in milliseconds, where technology is being used to help the referees out if they are not sure about the call. In hockey for example, there is also a video referee, in cases the main referees on the ice do not see what happened. Also in tennis, a new technological feature was introduced, a â€Å"Hawk-eye†, which is an â€Å"electronic line-calling system†. This feature is used when a tennis player challenges the line call. The questioned call is replayed on the screen, and the new call is then made (TENNIS: Hawk-Eye, 2007). Many people would like to see such feature in football, where a video- referee would be included, and there would also be cameras inside the net to show whether the ball passes the line or not in disputable cases. Betting is another situation, when referees are being paid off. There was one case in the NBA, where a referee was pleaded guilty in 2007 for receiving $ 5000 bribe in a betting case (NBA Referee Tim Donaghy, 2007). Media Television and the radio are also to be blamed for unethical behavior in sport. These two are the main form of commercializing the entire sport industry. The entire pressure we talked about before is derived from the media advertising and commercializing. It is questionable to what extent does the media tell the truth about the player or the team. The evaluations from the media can be biased as well. A private television can be a partner of a sport team, and they can intentionally create a better picture for their viewers about that concrete team. This is also very unethical. Sport journalist or commentators can favor one team or the other, and his evaluation of this team can be biased compared to the reality, and so the public may perceive it this way too. Media can very easily destroy the whole reputation of certain player or entire team (Guler, 2003). On one side, it is good to have media, because we can watch many different matches all over the world, but on the other side, the pressure of the media on the industry is enormous. While I was in the United States, I went to an American football match. I remember Notre Dame was playing against the Navy. It was a great experience for me, but what surprised me, that the game was interrupted by the referee, for the advertisement in the media. I thought it was kind of annoying, an also unfair for both teams of the game, because they were interrupted in the middle of the action. Fans This group is also connected to sport ethics, even though fans do not get any money from the actual sport, instead they have to pay to watch it. Some groups think that if they pay for the match, they have the â€Å"right to act against the rules†. For some fans it is hard to understand that not only their team must win, but also the opponent has the same chance to win. There are fans that †[believe] everything is fair for [their] team to win†, which is different from supporting the team. Such fans are called â€Å"hooligans† or â€Å"ultras† in Slovakia, and their actions are sometimes very unethical. Such fans are many times very aggressive either towards referees, players, innocent fans, or also to the property around (Guler, 2003). In Slovakia, it was this years ice- hockey play-offs between Slovan Bratislava and HC Kosice, where the Slovan fans pulled out a transparent with this heading: â€Å"Julo, is it true your girlfriend has cheated on you?† Julo is a Kosices goalkeeper, and I know personally his girlfriend. I think this was very unethical, very offending. Such a behavior should not be present at sporting events, because it is against fair play. This might be a failure of the organizers, and also of the law, because it is sometimes ridiculous, what the hooligans are capable of. As mentioned above, the sport environment is becoming more and more connected with unethical behavior. Sport as such, should be â€Å"creating unity, promoting values and community pride†. It can affect peoples lives and therefore, everyone involved in sport from coaches, parents, athletes, fans to referees should try to make it as fair and enjoyable as possible. Not only rules are important in sport, but also values and morals. It is essential for the coaches to teach their athletes what behavior is good and fair, because people have different values, and some of them cannot even distinguish between what is good and what is bad. According to Ms. Sandler, these four values are â€Å"the most important†¦in sport ethics†: fairness, integrity, respect and equity (Sandler, 2009). Integrity, according to Cambridge dictionary, means â€Å"having strong moral principles that you refuse to change†. Fairness means to treat people fairly and equally. Equity in a meaning that everyone should be treated equally, and finally respect; athletes should treat others with honor. In order to be ethical while enrolling in sport activity, these steps should be remembered: â€Å"Glory cannot be owned†. Everyone can get a hold of it, but not for ever. â€Å"Dont give up after the bad game†. Bad games should only make us more prepared. Success does not have to mean happiness in sport. If you do not find self- respect, you will not be happy. â€Å"Successful athletes do not have enemies†. We should respect our competitors, rather than looking for ways how to attack them (Sandler, 2009). As I suggested in the introduction, I think sport has become unethical. While in the past, in the ancient Greece, when there were Olympics, no wars were allowed, everyone was celebrating the beauty and the art of sport. People were cheering all together, and when the winner came up, they treated him with respect. Unlike today, when we have Olympic Games, we are worried about the terrorist attacks and anti-doping controls have to be run to ensure the fair-play.   I am against the doping or any other steroid use, therefore I support the clean sport without any performance enhancing drugs. I think there should be more serious penalties for abusing drugs. It should be part of our educational system to educate young children about the cons of using such substances. Also the morality in sport and ethics in general needs to be improved. Nowadays people, young kids especially are being very aggressive towards each other, which leads to similar consequences as mentioned. Fans fight against the fans of other clubs, people are afraid to go to a football match with their kids. I also think sport should not be sponsored so much by corporate businesses, and the salaries and transfer fees should be much lower. I think it is unbelievable, how much money some of the best players or athletes earn. If we imagine there are people on this planet that do not have their basic needs satisfied, it is against the logic. On the other hand, there are people supporting doping and the use of steroids in sport, claiming that they want to see the borders of human ability to be pushed, and so are supportive. There are even people who would choose to die earlier, from the side effects of the steroids, just to be the best, to feel the glory. Ethics in sport is very important. Our culture has created this competitive hatred against each other along with all the money involved in the present form of sport. Sport can have a huge influence on people therefore we should try to stop the unethical issues around it. We have to understand that it is not possible to win every time. What is important to learn is how to handle losing in a way it can help us in the future. Even if we lose, it is important to show respect to our competitors. We, the people on Earth have caused this turn-over of what was sometimes a celebration, to so called â€Å"sport† full of hatred, jealousy and shortcuts, therefore it is up to the mankind to decide which way are we going to follow. References 10 Drug Scandals. (2003, January 19). Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http://www.cbc.ca/ sports/indepth/drugs/stories/top10.html Guler, N. (2003, December 31). Ethics in sports. Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http://erc .forumone.com/resource/ethics-sports Introduction: Its not the winning. (2010). Retrieved   May 27, 2010 from http://www.bbc.co .uk/ethics/sport/overview/introduction.shtml NBA Referee Tim Donaghy Cops to a Plea Deal. (2007, August 16). Mirror on America. Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http://mirroronamerica.blogspot.com/2007/08/nba-referee-tim-donaghy-cops-to-plea.html Performance-Enhancing Drug Resources. (n.d.). Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http:// www.drugfreesport.com/drug-resources/performance-enhancing-drugs-steroids.asp Rules and Regulations. (2010). Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ ethics/sport/fair/fairplay.shtml Sandler, L. (2009, January 26). Ethics in Sport. Retrieved May 26, 2010, from http:// ezinearticles.com/?Ethics- ­in- ­Sportid=1921824 TENNIS: Hawk-Eye to give fans eagle-eye view of tight calls. (2007, March 6). Retrieved May 27, 2010 from http://www.independent.ie/sport/tennis-hawkeye-to-give-fans-eagleeye-view-of-tight-calls-48321.html

Fashion Essays Fashion Industry

Fashion Essays Fashion Industry For individuals who work in the fashion industry, it is a profession in itself as well as a personal interest. Topic The importance of fashion in our daily lives is a given. For individuals who work in the fashion industry, it is a profession in itself as well as a personal interest. For those outside the industry, fashion still plays a very important role. However, many people do not realize that fashion is also a valuable tool for analyzing culture and for assessing the values of that culture. Our fashion choices tell people who we are and what our standing is in society; in addition, our choices have an impact on our ability to succeed or to fail in certain areas of our lives. The topic of research for this proposal is an analysis of the ways in which clothing functions as a reflection of our culture, as well as a tool that can enhance or hinder our success in life. Rationale People have been using clothing and accessories for centuries. In fact, as ONeil has pointed out, clothing and accessories are not the only items used to decorate the body. Across the globe,   the ways in which people present themselves vary widely. Items commonly used range from body and hair paint to decorative scarring, and from perfume to body deformation (ONeil 2005: n.p.). Clothing is primarily worn, of course, for practical reasons, such as protection from the weather and outdoor elements. It is also worn to cover certain parts of the body, either out of modesty or cultural restrictions. The parts of the body that are covered may be different, depending upon the culture and location Clothing may also be used a sort of talisman to ward off evil, or a type of supernatural protection. In Christian populations, wearing a medal of St. Christopher is thought to protect the wearer from evil (ONeil 2005: n.p.). In a similar vein, carrying a rabbits foot or some other item associated with luck is a way of using supernatural assistance. However, clothing is worn for more than the reasons stated above. ONeil asserts that long before we are physically near enough to talk to people, their appearance announces their gender, age, economic class, and often even intentions (2005: n.p.). Fashion is also a medium by which people communicate messages about gender, occupation, class, and wealth. This is something we learn to recognize when we are very young. We also come to recognize what ONeil refers to as a vocabulary of dress. In other words, in addition to the actual items of clothing we wear, there are other features that we have come to accept as part of dress. Among these are hairstyles, makeup, and accessories such as jewelry. Additionally, body decoration such as tattoos and piercings have come to be considered part of the contemporary vocabulary of dress. According to Joanne Entwistle, in contemporary culture, the body has become the site of identity. We experience our bodies as separate from others and increasingly we identify with our bodies as containers of our identities and places of personal expression (2000: 138). An important aspect of fashion is its relationship to society at large. In recent years, this has become considerably more complex. The way we dress says a great deal more about us than many people realize. What we wear presents a statement to the world. It is another way of revealing certain information about ourselves to others: without saying a word, we give out clues about our social background, our economic status, and our images of ourselves. As Entwistle has suggested,   dress is tied up to social life in more than one way: it is produced out of economic, political, technological conditions as well as shaped by social., cultural, aesthetic ideas (2000: 111). The significance of clothing goes beyond what we wear. A pair of blue jeans is not just a pair of blue jeans. The brand is often just as or more important as the article of clothing. Brand recognition is a crucial factor in the world of fashion, especially for younger generations. Faedda asserts that for young people jeans have become a tool of social and political protest, of adherence and membership, symbol and emblem; for stylists jeans have become a trendy casual product, a refined prà ªt a porter article or quite a high fashion creation (Faedda 2005:4). Not only is clothing a key to who we are it also plays a role in how far we can travel in certain circles. It has been said that the right clothing can grant us access to the right places and the right people (Jones 2002: 21). Some scholars theorize that what we wear affects how we act, as well as how others react to us. According to ONeil, putting on certain types of clothing can change your behavior and the behavior of others towards you (2005:n.p.). He uses the example of uniforms, explaining that the message conveyed simply by wearing the clothing associated with a particular profession is both immediate and strong. One specific example ONeil mentions is that of a study of Spanish policemen. Without their uniforms, they were seen as having little or no effect on people, even though they were in fact identified as policemen. With their uniforms on, however, they acted in a much more aggressive manner. In addition, the people who saw them in uniform were much more responsive to di rections. ONeil also explains that uniforms are designed to elicit this kind of response:   Most uniforms are consciously symbolic so that they can rapidly and conclusively communicate status†¦The ribbons and other insignias on the U.S. sailors uniform can tell even a stranger about his status, authority, and military experience (2005: n.p.). And it is important to note that uniforms can include things beyond clothing, such as specific hairstyles that are commonly associated with certain groups of individuals. The uniform hairstyle of   punkers is one example of this. It is assumed by the wearers that the public will recognize these markers and make the connection to a certain group:  it is necessary to know what these culturally defined symbols mean in the context that they are used in order to understand what is being communicated (ONeil 2005: n.p.). According to Faedda, the uniform as we know it has become a transgressive symbol that is associated with the so-called subcultures o r antifashions, political and social movements, music, mass protests and juvenile cultural phenomena generally (Faedda 2005: 4). In addition to its many other uses, dress is also used as a form of camouflage. According to Faedda, dress covers, frames, hides and masks the body. In this sense it works to distinguish and, in the same time, to link oneself to the others: dress is our filter with the world (2005: 4). This assertion that dress is often used to hide or mask the body suggests that there is something unpleasant, undesirable, or even shameful about the body. This in turn brings up a number of issues about clothing and about that which it disguises. According to some scholars, the role of the body has been evolving: in the affluent West, there is a tendency for the body to be seen as an entity which is in the process of becoming; a project which should be worked at and accomplished as part of an individual’s self-identity (Shilling 1993: 5). The concept of the body as a project suggests a dissociation of the self from the body This point is echoed by Entwistle, who asserts that fashion, dress and consumption provide ways of dealing with the problems of the modern world, characterized by increasing fragmentation and a sense of chaos. Fashion opens up possibilities for framing the self, however temporarily (2000: 139). In this sense, fashion takes on seemingly therapeutic aspects: in response to an increasingly complex and chaotic world, the one thing we may feel we can control is our sense of self. Since that self is often expressed through fashion statements, the role of fashion takes on additional significance. As Gilman has commented, in a world in which we are judged by how we appear, the belief that we can change our appearance is liberating (1999: 3). In fact, as Gilman elaborates, To become someone else or to become a better version of ourselves in the eyes of the world is something we all want. Whether we do it with ornaments such as jewelry or through the wide range of physical alterations from hair dressing to tattoos to body piercing, we respond to the demand of seeing and being seen. (Gilman 1999: 3) Aims and Objectives The primary aim of undertaking this research is to explore the intricate and complex messages that are revealed by the types of dress we choose. Our fashion choices say a great deal about us as individuals; on a broader level, fashion trends reflect important aspects of any given culture during a certain time frame. Questions that are driving the design of the project include: What does fashion indicate about the wearer? How does fashion reflect the values and beliefs of different cultures? What is the significance of fashion trends? By combining information from scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from internet sources, the final project will seek to answer the questions above and draw relevant conclusions about the complex relationship between fashion and identity. Proposed Methodology Proposed methodology for this project will consist of a combination of quantitative and qualitative sources. A variety of print sources will be used, including books, scholarly journals, fashion magazines, and newspaper articles. Internet resources will also be an integral part of the research process. Current statistical information as well as the latest information on industry trends is more readily available on the internet. This makes the internet a valuable resource when studying an industry that is characterized by rapid change. Additional methodology in the form of questionnaire administration is also proposed as part of this research project. Specifically, a questionnaire would be designed in order to collect data regarding key points that are speculated upon in the research. This questionnaire will be formulated to elicit a range of attitudes based on a series of multiple-choice questions. Although the target audience will be limited by time and resource constraints, participants will be selected at random. In this way, the data collected will reflect society at large. Questionnaire administration will be executed through email and through direct contact with the public. Data collected from questionnaires will be organized and interpreted in terms of stratified clusters, in keeping with the original project format, and will be analyzed, and presented in conjunction with other findings. If discrepancies are discovered between the anticipated and actual results, possible explanations will be formulated and included in the analysis. As for modes of research: as indicated above, information will come from a variety of sources. This will include scholarly research, articles from contemporary fashion magazines, and data from internet sources. Information about research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a reference list. The reference list will consist of two parts. The first part of the reference list will include sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper. The second part of the list will include sources that were consulted but which do not appear in the body of the paper. If a questionnaire is used, a copy will be included in a supplementary appendix, along with all additional relevant information that is not included in the body of the paper. Content The content of the research will be organized in chapters and will include sub-headings within each chapter. A Table of Contents will be included to indicate the chapter divisions, Reference List, and Appendices (if used). References and Bibliography All research sources will be listed at the end of the paper in a reference list. Sources that are quoted or otherwise directly used in the body of the paper will be indicated as part of the primary reference list. Sources that were consulted but which do not appear in the body of the paper will be included in a supplement to the primary reference list. Appendices, if found to be helpful, will also be included at the end of the paper. Critical Path A proposed timetable will be formulated upon approval of topic, and will consist of goals and completion dates for each portion of the project. The timetable will be arranged to allow for research, data collection and interpretation, and writing of the paper itself. Time will be allotted for initial and final drafts, as well as proofreading and final revisions before submission. Reflective Statement The complexity of the fashion industry lends itself to a broad choice of career trajectories. This research project will further elucidate the options available. One of the options that has a great deal of appeal is working as a Fashion Consultant, since preliminary research for this project indicates that this is a challenging and rapidly expanding profession in the industry. In addition, opportunities for further research on a more advanced level will be explored. References Entwistle, J. 2000. The fashioned body: Fashion, dress, and modern social theory. Cambridge: Polity Press. Faedda, Barbara. 2005. Wearing and appearing: An anthropological analysis through the shop windows Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http://www.anthroglobe.ca/docs/WEARING%20AND%20APPEARING.htm Gilman, Sander. 1999. Making the body beautiful: A cultural history of aesthetic surgery.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Jones, S. 2002. Fashion design. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd. ONeil, Dennis. 2005. Hidden aspects of communication. Retrieved December 23, 2005 from http://anthro.palomar.edu/language/language_6.htm Shilling, C. 1993. The body and social theory. London: Sage.

The Storm :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Storm† may be interpreted as a condemnation of societal constraints upon feminine sexuality. As Calixta â€Å"unfastened her white sacque at the throat† she was taking off chains of oppression of her sexuality. When Calixta â€Å"nervously began to gather up from the floor the lengths of a cotton sheet which she had been sewing† she is putting her duties away for pleasure and is finally going to fulfill her birthright for passionate sex. In â€Å"The Storm† Calixta is a shameless married woman who â€Å"lifted her pretty chin in the air and laughed aloud† after committing an adulteress act. Kate Chopin had a unique style of writing for her time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Calixta’s time, showing of the neck and chest was inappropriate and forbidden. So when â€Å"she unfastened her white sacque at the throat† she is expressing that she is a sexual being and is defying against restraints on feminine sexuality. Kate Chopin was a daring writer. In the time of the composition of the storm women were considered property and expected to accept their housewife duties. Women could not freely express their sexuality and Kate was out to change that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As Calixta â€Å"nervously began to gather up from the floor the lengths of a cotton sheet which she had been sewing† she is rebelling against traditional 1890’s womanhood. Women were not permitted to feel sexual. By putting it away she was lowering the priority of her duties for sex. Sex was something she was unfamiliar to and not something married women did for pleasure. Calixta is going all out!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Alcee rides off, he smiles and Calixta â€Å"lifted her pretty chin in the air and laughed aloud.† This action was a proclamation of her freedom from sexual oppression. Calixta was prepared for sex and embraced it. She is not ashamed of her act and she fulfilled her birthright for passionate sex. Calixta is a loose woman?

Obesity Lawsuits by Nancy Hall Essay -- Analysis, Nancy Hall

In Nancy Hall's "Obesity Lawsuits" (2004) essay, Hall is determined to address the problem constantly growing and silently taking lives in America every day, obesity. The author goes on to argue that people should not be suing "fast food companies" (Hall, 2004, p. 113), but rather look at themselves to blame for becoming obese. Americans need to think about their own decisions routinely, exercise to keep the extra weight off and choose meals that are healthier (Hall, 2004). The authors thesis states: "Listening to the subtle nuance emerging from legal debate, we can hear a discernable message that clearly spells out the desperate need for further study, public awareness, and education on obesity in America" (Hall, 2004, p.114). Even though Nancy Hall is not educated on obesity nor holds a degree in Health Sciences, the article is still persuasive because of the emotion placed into words pursued by direct and solid facts laid out on paper (Hall, 2004). Throughout the article, Hall (2004) uses facts and data to show readers how big of a growing concern obesity is becoming in America. However, Johnson-Sheehan & Paine (2010, p. 172) state that "...logos involves more than using logic to prove a point. Logos also involves appealing to someone else's common sense and using examples to demonstrate a point". In the beginning of the paper Hall, uses logos to impact the reader right away and capture their attention . One the author gathers facts from different sources, who have education dealing with obesity and other health fields (Hall, 2004). For instance, Hall quotes "Lisa Harnack and Simone French, associate professors in the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health at the Rhetorical Analysis 3 University of ... ...ence, but the author gathered data from those who are educated in those areas of study. Digging deep in past research, the writer finds experts from areas of study, relating to obesity and other health fields. Since the researchers are experts in those areas, this makes their data solid and reliable to use in her argument (Hall, 2004). Rhetorical Analysis 6 In conclusion, Nancy Hall's "Obesity Lawsuits" (2004), implies solid facts, uses an emotional appeal, and valid points to support her standing on this topic. Overall, Hall's argument is good because of all the techniques used to convey her point and sway the readers' opinion. Hall thinks that the lawsuits will cover up the growing problem in America and not resolve anything. Hall's strong argument will turn the focus from the courts to city streets, in an effort to stop obesity (Hall, 2004).

Ramses II’s Victory

The victory of Ramses II over the Khita’s was probably one of the greatest stories of Egyptian literary works on war that had survived thousands of years to convey to us, the present generation, the underlying truths on how the centuries-past generations of Egyptians had regarded their Pharaohs: as a leader, a warrior, a general, and a man-god. WAR The poem starts with the king of Khita, together with his enormous armies and chariots, laid in wait for an ambush on the Egyptian Pharaoh. He had his armies divide into two groups, the first initiated a surprise attack on the Legion of Hormakhu, south of Kadesh, and successfully annihilated the Egyptian armies in that town who were not expecting such an attack (Halshall, 1998). Upon being informed of the tragedy that befell his troops, Ramses II quickly readied himself for war, donning his weapons and armors, and galloping on his majestic horses. But soon he found himself in the middle of the Hittite army; completely surrounded and alone, in an impossible battle between 2,500 chariots against one (Halshall, 1998). Due perhaps to his imminent defeat and utter helplessness, the Pharaoh-god called upon his deceased father for help. Enumerating the many glorious monuments, temples, shrines, and sacrificial offerings he had made for the glory of the deceased former god/Pharaoh Ammon, his father (Poem of Pentaur, 2003). And behold! Ammon had heard his cry from the temple of Hermonthis and had come for his beloved son for help. With strength as the sun-god Ra, and arms as strong as hundreds of thousands of men, Ammon found grace in Ramses II’s valor and bravery, and allowed for Ramses II to use Ammon’s god-strength in defeating the Hittites. And when Ramses II, alone except for his charioteer, Menna, finally assaulted the 2,500 strong enemy, the entire Khita army, together with their king, were stunned, frozen with fea r, unable to wield their sword and spear, for Ramses II fought with the spirit of a god. And when the day had come to pass, Egypt’s Pharaoh was able to slay each and every army of the Khita. No one was able to escape alive, each and everyone was fell by the Pharaoh. Propagandistic Element The Battle of Kadesh, as written by the ancient Egyptian authorities during Ramses’ reign, was a literature made for propagandistic purpose. Perhaps the ruler’s aim, other than for the citizens’ assertion of their belief of the Pharaoh as a god-man, was also to use this as a psychological tool on other nations against planning an invasion against Egypt. These types of exploits of Egypt’s Pharaohs being engraved on the walls of temples further amplify the effect of invincibility and immortality of the rulers of Egypt, by making it as a monument for all nations to see. Such is the case in one of the walls (Fig. 1. 1) where Egyptian chariotry is engaged in a battle between Hittite foot soldiers, when in actuality based on facts, it had been Hittites’ tradition to do battle using chariots (Battle of Kadesh, 2003). Thus, using politics in asserting control and obedience over the populace, as well as in warfare, rulers of ancient kingdoms often relied on exaggerated literature on war-victories as a means in achieving these. In the modern history, we have witnessed similar propagandistic methods used by governments, usually in defense of its purpose in declaring war: Hitler’s Arian race ideology, Marx’s and Lenin’s Russian Proletariat Revolution, the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, and so forth. Almost always, the adage that goes, the victors write history, is appropriate.

Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychological science (Nystul, M. , 2005). Freud was considered the don of psychological science and believed that human beings mien was the result of unconscious headway(p) meshing thick in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M. , 2005). Jungs hypothesis certain instantaneously out of Freuds psycho analytic glide slope however he refuted several of Freuds identify points and set(p) an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytical approach to psychology however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M. , 2005).Freuds psychoanalytic hypothesis was the germ for many subsequent theorists work. His of import statement was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the central drive for all human inevitably (e. g. , sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal set and standards (e. g. , the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational purpose of thought that controllight-emitting diode the impulses of the id and superego.Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger at bottom reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected to his tail fin confronts of psycho inner information, where personality developed. The five stages of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated on until their needs were met and were able to force out on developmentally. The five stages admit oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages of development.The id relied on the stimulation of these zones until the child would move into the following(a) developmental stage. If an individu al were unable to move into the next stage, then they would fixate into that peculiar(a) stage, and this could mediate personality development (Garcia, 1995). For instance, adults that had non moved on by dint of the anal stage of psychosexual development argon representative of type-A personalities much(prenominal) that they be characterized as uptight, as children are as they are foc apply upon controlling potty instruction and bowel movements between ages one and three. Further more(prenominal), Freuds theory was focuse on sexual issues and conflict.For instance, he developed the Electra interlocking and Oedipus complex such that girls became jealous of their m opposites as they competed for their fathers sexual attention. Similarly, boys became jealous of their fathers finished penis envy as they want the sexual attention of their mothers and secretly precious to kill their fathers (Garcia, 1995). Freud used assessment methods to see the unconscious of his patients. H e believed that the unconscious used several techniques to keep conflicts in the unconscious and used methods to tap into his patients unconscious through psychoanalytic therapy.For instance, he developed barren association where patients said whatever came to their minds, connatural to a verbal day ideate (Macmillian, 2001). This helped patients to generate events that had been strangled and so they could achieve purgation in fellowship to relieve their deplorable symptoms. Freud similarly used hypnosis in his untimely therapy sessions. Moreover, Freud conducted dream analysis where he would run into dreams in order to tap into the unconscious on an individual dream by dream basis (Schept, 2007). The unconscious was also a main point of bet in Jungs psychoanalytic approach to psychology.However, Jung disagreed with Freud on three main points (Bergmann, 2008). First, Jung refuted the main importance of sexual anxiety in his theory. Instead, Jung stressed that sexual stres s was more of a generalized position that force a psychic energy of a person but include other aspects. Second, Jung believed that individuals were impacted by past and time to come events, while Freud postulated that individuals were impacted solely by events in an individuals life. Finally, Jung located a greater importance on the unconscious and developed the motif of the incarnate unconscious that was retrospective and prospective.Jung developed the radical of the collective unconscious and expanded the idea of the unconscious itself (Leader, 2009). He believed that in that respect was an aspect of the unconscious that included all of the past experiences of humankind. He believed that this study was passed down generation by generation as an accrual of human and prehuman experiences that helps the species to develop as a whole. He also believed that all individuals acquit a personal unconscious that contains information that was once known but has been suppressed be cause it was too painful to remember.Within the collective unconscious, there were a series of pilot lights or sets of universal experiences within the collective unconscious. For example, there was the persona archetype that is a cloak that an individual present to others during interactions in order to hide the true self from others. The darkest archetype was the shadow archetype that included the evils that human beings are responsible for. Other archetypes include the anima, animus, and self archetypes. Jung also believed that personality was the reply of psychological types that were based on the attitudes and functions of individuals (Dolliver, 1994).These types included the extraverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting) and introverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting). Depending upon type, individuals be give upd and interacted several(predicate)ly with others and the environment. These eight-spot psychological types may be likened to an other(a ) version of trait theory and other later personality theories. Moreover, Jung believed that personality developed throughout the lifetime, and individuals personalities did not appear as a result from unresolved conflict in childhood as Freud believed.Instead, individuals were unceasingly moving toward self-realization and individuation, which makes Jungs psychoanalytic approach more uplifting in comparison to Freuds more demoralised view of human development (Leader, 2009). Jungs assessment practices were similar but differed from Freuds methods. First, Jung used a word-association test such that patients would respond to a word that the healer said with the first word that came to their mind (Jung, 1907). This helped to tap into complexes of his patients.He also used symptom analysis to interpret the exculpate associations that patients made. Similar to Freud, Jung used a dream analysis technique but he worked with a series to dreams instead of eccentric dreams as Freud did t o develop a thematic interpretation based upon free repartee (Schept, 2007). While both Freud and Jungs theories led to the development of psychology as a scientific field, neither of these theories was based directly upon systematic experimentation. Instead, these psychoanalytic theories were based upon cocktail dress studies of individual clients (Thompson, 2002).Patient interviews were not record verbatim, and were based upon a small enactment of patients. While the reliability of theory development was not optimal for generalization to edict as a whole, these early ideas and theories helped neo scientists develop research questions that have been tried and true through empirical research methods, and have led to the development of more mod theories of behavior and personality. Without the early contributions of Freud and Jung, the face of psychology may look very different today. ReferencesBergmann, M. S. (2008). Freud/Jung Enlightenment, romanticism, and the irrational. Issues in pyhoanalytic Psychology, 30 (1), 43-58. Dolliver, R. H. (1994). Classifying the personality theories and personalities of Adler, Freud, and Jung with invagination/extraversion. Individual Psychology Journal of Alderian Theory, question & Practice, 50 (2), 192-202. Fayek, A. (2005). The centrality of the system Ucs in the theory of psychanalysis the nonrepressed unconscious. Psychanalytic Psychology, 22 (4), 524-543. Garcia, J. L. (1995).Freuds psychosexual stage conception A developmental parable for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73 (5), 498-502. Jung, C. (1907). On psychophysical relations of the associative experiment. The Journal of abnormal Psychology, 1 (6), 247-255. Leader, C. (2009). The odyssey A Jungian situation Individuation and meeting with aechetypes of the collective unconscious. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 25 (4), 506-519. Macmillian, M. (2001). The reliability and validity of Freuds methods of free association and interpretati on.psychological Inquiry, 12 (3), 167-175. Nystul, M. S. (2005) Introduction to Counseling an dodge and Science Perspective (3rd edition) New York Pearson Schept, S. (2007). Jacobs dream of a ladder Freudian and Jungian perspectives. Psychological Perspectives, 50 (1), 113-121. Shill, M. A. (2004). level anxiety, defense, and the pleasure porinciple. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21 (1), 116-133. Thompson, P. (2002). The bionomical imagination. European Journal of Psychotherapy, 5 (1), 71-85.