Signage Design For Public Spaces Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Signage Design For Public Spaces - Assignment Example A signage is usually designed to arouse the audience’s interest and attention to what they refer. They are therefore, intended to identify things and places and to provide direction to an interested audience. They are also used ideally to give information about areas or places of interest, as well as warning information and instructions. As such, a signage should be designed in a specific shape depending on the intended purpose. This implies that there are specific rules dictating how they are designed. For instance, a rectangular signage is intended to provide general information to an audience and to identify things and places. In contrast, a circular signage portrays specific instructions that should be followed by the audience concerned. On the other hand, a triangular signage indicates danger, and the audience it is meant for should not ignore the message it carries. These guidelines should be taken into account when deciding on the shape of the signage (Trulove & Sprague , 2000). In addition, it is important to understand the purpose of signage. Business signs are intended to market a business to the public; hence the intended audience should easily identify and link the information with the business being advertised. Such a signage provides the business with an effective voice on the streets since it creates a permanent impression on pedestrians and motorists. A road safety sign, on the other hand, should be precise and able to communicate the intended warning in the best way and in the shortest time possible. This means that a signage should be easy to identify and understand given the short time that pedestrians and motorists spend on a particular street. There are different types of signs that depend on where they are placed to capture the attention. Their location is also important since it becomes part of the sign, and hence it should be appealing and such that emphasises the information carried by the sign. There are signs placed on buildings ; others can be said to be free standing. Some include changeable copy boards, interior signs as well as buildings which function as a sign themselves. Illumination of signs can also be used in communication of seasonal messages on signage designs to impact a buyer’s choices in particular times. However, most signs are meant to communicate a particular message to a given audience. This paper will try to highlight the main features of a business advertisement signage which is the most common type of signage. Business signs are primarily used as a way of marking the location of a business. Such an identity is a form of advertisement intended to capture the attention of potential customers. The most important aspect that must be captured in such a signage is the specific products that the business offers, which the reader should identify with. It is a fact that signs have a profound effect hardly noticed. For this reason, they are quite effective and can be used as a strong adve rtising tool if they are properly designed and located (Galindo, 2011). The main purpose of business signage is to capture the attention of potential customers, particularly new ones. This can help the business grow its revenues and profitability. In addition, signs are used as a branding tool for a business. Raising the top of the mind awareness in potential customers helps to identify the business, and this can be achieved through a properly designed signage. Such a permanent signage has a repetitive influence on those who get to read it each time they come across it. Such a brand identifier should have a consistent design that matches the products and services offered. Finally, business signs are an effective tool in triggering impulse buying. Many

Effects Of Heat And PH On Plant Pigments Biology Essay

Effects Of Heat And PH On Plant Pigments Biology Essay The aim of this laboratory exercise is to determine and consider the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment by using the examples of peas, cranberry juice and blackberry juice. Carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids are the three major groups of plant pigment. The results of this laboratory was that the different colour and texture of peas were caused by different pH. In addition, the heat and pH will influence the structure of carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids so that changes the colour of the plant. Anthocyanins are water soluble that easily lose in water. INTRODUCTION: Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecules that absorbs and reflects light. The various pigments contained in their tissues tell the colors differently because they have differing abilities to absorb and reflect various colors of light (Charley 1982). Most of the pigments occur in a specialised bodies lying in the protoplasm of the cell called plastids. Occasionally, the water soluble pigments are dissolved in the vacuoles however they are not generally dispersed throughout the cell. The main pigments of vegetables and fruits fall into two groups: water soluble and fat soluble (Srilakshmi 2003). Plant pigment can be classified as carotenoids, chlorophylls, and flavonoids. Flavonoid pigments are water soluble and it can be divided in to anthocyanins and anthoxanthins (Brown 2008). Anthocyanins are highly water soluble pigment that range in colour from red to purple. The anthoxanthins are colourless, white or pale yellow. However, flavonoid pigments are sensitive to heat and readily to be lost in cooking water (Charley 1982). Carotenoids and chlorophylls are fat soluble which are found in plastids. Carotenoids are the colour groups of yellow, orange and red. Carotenoids are present as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene, xanthophylls and cryptoxanthin in plants (Hanson 1954). On the other hand, in green leaves they occur in chloroplasts. Chlorophylls are the green pigments of leaves that found in chloroplasts along with some carotenes and xanthophylls. In addition, it is critical for the light reactions of photosynthesis (Srilakshmi 2003). The pigments of chlorophyll that are commonly include chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is dynamic blue green in colour and it is present in the florets of blue green broccoli. Chlorophyll b is dull yellow green colour and it is present in stalks. The different heat conditions caused the changes of the structure of chlorophyll which is connected with the loss of magnesium ion from the chlorophyll molecule and replaced by hydrogen therefore affects the colour of vegetables (Stathopoulos 2010). The factors including changes in temperature and pH may influence the colour of anthocyanin in plant food during simmering (Brown 2008). Acid tap water amplifies the red colour of anthocyanins. Alkaline water changes the reddish-blue to blue and then to green. This phenomenon of colour is because the changes in structure of the same basic compound (Srilakshmi 2003). Plant food have been recognised as a good source of carbohydrates and daily fibre. Plant food are also contain minerals and vitamins A, E, C, thiamin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, niacin and folate. Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables, such as polyphenolics, carotenoids, and glucosinolates, may also have nutritional value (Jongen 2002). However, vegetables lose nutrients when they are cooked, mainly by solution to the cooking water (Charley 1982). The objective of this experiment is to consider the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment by using the examples of peas, cranberry juice and blue berry juice. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The methods and materials required to determine the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment were performed according to the laboratory manual. However, the blueberry juice was changed to blackberry juice. In addition, in the experiment of cranberry juice, group 2 did not collect the value of pH. RESULTS: Table 1: The class pH result of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Peas + Distilled H2O 6.83 6.02 6.06 7.2 6.75 6.96 6.6 Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O 2.49 2.72 2.6 4.8 3.89 3.77 3.4 Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O 12.20 12.88 12.23 12.2 12.49 12.78 12.463 Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O 2.77 2.97 2.5 4.04 3.65 3.68 3.3 Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O 12.41 12.78 12.24 12.02 12.72 12.58 12.458 Canned Peas 5.95 5.37 5.2 6.15 5.90 6.17 5.8 According to Table 1, the example of peas with NaOH and distilled water has the highest average pH that is 12.463, followed by peas with NaOH and cold distilled water that is 12.458, which are very close. The lowest pH is peas with vinegar and distilled water that is 3.3. Table 2: The class colour results of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Peas + Distilled H2O Bright green Bright Green Pea green Green Yellow green Light green 2. Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O Dull green Light/Pale Green Brown- green Faint Green Army green Olive 3.Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O Bright green Green Pea green Green Bright green Bright green 4. Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O Very dull green Pale Green/ Yellow Brown green Faint Green Yellow More green than yellow Green 5. Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O Bright green Bright Green Pea green Green Green uniform Green 6. Canned Peas Brown Pale Green brown Brown Yellow Dark army green Olive Table 2 reflects that sample 1, 3 and 5 have similar colour range which is green, and sample 2, 4 and 6 have semblables colour which is brown. These results shows under the acid conditions, the range of peasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ colour is from green to brown. On the other hand, the colour of peas will stay same under alkaline conditions. Table 3: The class texture results of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Texture Texture Texture Texture Texture Texture Peas + Distilled H2O Firm Firm Firm Firm Dry hard 2. Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O Moderately firm, dry, loss of shape Slightly Firm Firm Firm Very dry Soft 3.Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O Soft, mushy, sticky, loss of shape Mushy Mush Mushy Mushy Very soft /mushy 4. Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O Very firm Very Firm Firm Firm Medium plump Not so soft 5. Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O Very soft, mushy, loss of shape Mushy Mush Mushy Very plump Hardest 6. Canned Peas Very firm Slightly Firm Softish Firm Firm Very soft According to the result of Table 3, the texture of sample 3 and 5 are mush and soft, and others are firm. This result shows the alkaline caused the mush and soft texture of peas, and the acidity of the water will caused the higher firmness of peas. Table 4: The class pH results of each group about anthocyanins. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O 2.79 3.02 3.06 3.12 3.45 3.12 3.1 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH 5) 4.93 5.07 4.85 4.98 5.09 4.95 5 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH7) 6.69 7.17 7.1 7.2 7.11 6.94 7.0 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH10) 9.97 10.02 10.04 9.95 10.64 10.0 10.1 Table 5: the class colour result of blackberry juice. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O Dark burgundy Red Red Reddish Red Pink Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH 5) Orange/pink translucent Pink/ Red Grey pink Pink Pink Light pink Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH7) Brown/orange translucent Brown/ Green Dull green Brown greying Light green olive Pink with a hint of yellow Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH10) Dark black/green Dark Green Dull green Yellow green Dark green olive Yellowish green colour Table 6: The class pH results of each group about anthocyanins. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Cranberry + Distilled H2O 2.72 2.88 2.92 3.00 3.00 2.9 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH5) 4.25 5.5 4.97 5.02 5.57 5.1 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH7) 7.3 7.2 7.03 7.03 7.82 7.3 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH10) 10.62 10.1 9.93 10.05 10.41 10.2 Table 7: the class colour result of cranberry juice. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Cranberry + Distilled H2O Light pink Pale Pink Pale pink Faint Pink Light pink Pink Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH5) Lighter pink Slight Clear/ Ting of Pink Clear with a pink tinge Clear Pink Lighter pink Dark pink colour Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH7) Light yellow Yellow/ Olive Green Yellow green Faint yellow Apple juice green Brownish Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH10) Yellow Olive Green Yellow green (slightly greener than 7 pH) Green yellow Apple juice green Olive green According to the Table 4 to 7, although the average number of the pH is close to the laboratory manuals data, the results of each group are slightly different. Because the anthocyanins is very sensitive to pH that even a small different in pH will cause the colour changed (see page 12 to 15). DISCUSSION: The green colour becomes brighter when a green vegetable is first put to cook in boiling water. Greater translucency of plant tissue due to expulsion of intercellular air has been suggested as a possible cause (Charley 1982). As boiling continues, compartmentalization within the cell is disrupted. Constituents, there are organic acid, diffuse from the vacuoles throughout the cell and into the boiling water (Sterling 1944). As the acids contact the chlorophylls the latter are converted to their respective pheophytins. No longer masked by the intense green chlorophyll, the yellow and orange pigments present in green plant tissue now show along with green. This combination together with the pheophytins gives the vegetable a muddy olive green hue (Srilakshmi 2003). Green vegetables that are lower in acid retain a higher percentage of chlorophyll and of their green colour when they are cooked than do more acid vegetables. Vegetables like peas, beans, greens are sometimes canned. During ca nning chlorophyll gets converted to pheophytin due to high temperatures used. Sometimes to retain the colour and to neutralise the acid, alkali is added (Charley 1982). Furthermore, the soda changed texture, any soda not required to neutralize the acid in the cooking water will react with the chlorophyll. The sodium salt of chlorophyll gives to cooked green vegetables an intense and artificial appearing greenness. Vegetables cooked with soda tend to have a mushy texture, due to breakdown of hemicelluloses in the cell walls (Charley 1982).. Anthocyanins have a positive charge on the molecule, and it enables to absorb light and thus have colour. Anthocyanidins are anthocyanins without sugar in their structure . They are pelargonidin, cyaniding and delphindin (Brown 2008). As pH changes, the colour of anthocyanin also changes. In the acid conditions, the molecules have positive charge on the oxygen atom due to the acidity of the cell in which these compounds are formed. This common form at a pH of 3.0 or less, maintains or shifts the hue towards red (Charley 1982). However, as the pH is increased toward a weak acid or even neutral solution, the oxonium (the positively charged oxygen form) is changed to the quinine form. The quinine form has a violet colour. In an alkaline medium still another change takes place as a salt of the violet compound, called a colour base. The alkaline salt of the colour base has a distinctly blue colour (Srilakshmi 2003). Figure 1: The structure of anthocyanin. Red cabbage presents unusually wild swings in colour with a alter in pH, it is because of the presence of more than four hydroxyl groups on the anthocyanin molecule. To ensure that the pH is sufficiently acidic, red cabbage is frequently cooked with addition of some slices of a tart apple in order to avoid the development of a blue, highly unpalatable pigment colour (Srilakshmi 2003). The pigment of bluish green shade was given by the addition of alkali . This shade is probably caused by the presence of anthoxanthins with anthocyanins. On the addition of alkali, the anthoxanthins turn yellow during the anthocyanins turn blue, and then the mixture of the two colours appear green. The addition of alkali alters the structure of anthocyanin molecule and produces a salt (Srilakshmi 2003). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the bright colors of vegetables contribute to the esthetic pleasure of eating. The three major groups of plant pigment are carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids which are effect by the pH and heat. The colour alters differently under variable conditions. Therefore, we need to understand the changes that take place in the colour of vegetables and how to kept the pigment of the plant.

Common Pagan Rituals And Beliefs Essay examples -- essays research pap

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paganism is an ancient type of religion which has quite an inauspicious reputation today. There are many types of paganism, most date back thousands of years, which include Wicca, Witchcraft, Paganism, and a few other lesser known and practiced variations. Yet all of these religions are similar and share common beliefs. Wicca is the most common of these, as it also demonstrates the shared belief of doing good that is common to most forms of paganism. Another common belief, is to gather in small groups, called covens, to practice pagan rites and ceremonies with others. There are many ancient beliefs, archaic rituals, and forgotten traditions that are practiced by pagans. Many of these are also the origins of widely practiced traditions in the Christian-dominated world of today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A defining characteristic of many pagan religions, especially Wicca, is the worship and closeness to nature. Pagans treat animals kindly and respect all things, living or nonliving, as though they were a person (Roy N. p.). They also share the worship of their nature gods, which increases their respect for all that is around them (Roy N. p.). Pagans are very sensitive people that also have a high regard for personal privacy (Roy N. p.). With this belief of privacy, many pagans have more time to keep in touch with their inner selves and with the nature around them. Wicca, a more popular pagan religion, focuses on the Earth and uses pure white magic to help others (Roy N. p.). In fact, the Wiccan creed is, â€Å"An it harm none, do as thou will,† which agrees with the â€Å"good† philosophy (Beliefs N. p.). Altogether, pagans have a great deal of emphasis on the life and beauty of the nature that thrives around them and are radically different than the mythical rumors of witches that have been given to them over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another defining characteristic of many pagans is the dedication to knowledge and self exploration (Roy N. p.). In fact it has been said that, â€Å"Witchcraft is the oldest, most irrepressible religion in the world because it stimulates the intellect, promotes a simple, practical way of life, and most importantly, is emotionally satisfying† (Art N. p.). There is a set of beliefs, called the Laws of Magic that help illustrate the beliefs supported by Wicca and other pagan religions. Many of these la... .... The Laws of Magic. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/magic.laws.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. General Beliefs. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/wicca.gen_beliefs.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Hicks, J. Brad. Ceremony of Initiation. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/initiation.ritual.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Hunter, Ryan. Handfasting Ceremony. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/handfasting1.ritual.txt, 15 Dec. 1996. Roy, R. Thirteen Questions. Online. Necromnami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/13Questions.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. The Ancient Art. Online. Necronami Net. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.necronami.com/d/paganism-celtic/craft.intro.txt, 30 Nov. 1996. The Sabbats. Online, Teleplex Communications, Inc. Available HTTP:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.teleplex.net/SCNPA/sabbat.html, 8 Dec. 1996.

Meena Bazar Essay

Meena Bazar is one of the largest retail supermarket chain in Bangladesh with International standards, opened in 2002 and operates in Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna division. Meena Bazar outlets are carrying almost 12,000-15,000 products for sale & providing convenient shopping experience, easy parking and friendly customer service for its customers. Meena Bazar is a subsidiary of Gemcon Food & Agricultural Products Ltd, producing organic products, dairy items, prepared food & herbal products. Meena Bazar is not only catering such items to its shoppers, but also educating them about their benefits. In order to offer the best possible price to its valuable customers, Meena Bazar procure their produce items directly from the farmers, cutting the middlemen, while ensuring high quality, freshness and continuous availability. Meena Bazar is also known as one of the trustworthy food suppliers of the nation, hence it is committed to deliver its’ best of the very best by expanding its s phere all over Bangladesh. Design a store layout which gives smooth and effective flow Design elegant products which can be flat-packed efficiently Site stores of an appropriate size in the most effective locations Maintain cleanliness and safety of storage area Arrange for fast replenishment of products Monitor and enhance quality of service to customers Continually examine and improve operations practice Ensure that the jobs of all staff encourage their contribution to business success Operations Management at Meena Bazar * Design a store layout which gives smooth and effective flow: Approximately 15 million customers visit Meena bazar’s retail shop each year. New store designs showcase merchandise in an engaging and contemporary fashion, keeping pace with evolving retail trends. 1. Storefront Design 2. Interior Design 3. Lighting Design 4. Sounds and Smells: Total Sensory Marketing The follow grid layout, which gives them some advantages like, Low cost, Customer familiarity, Merchandise exposure, Ease of cleaning, simplified security, Possibility of self-service. * Ensure that the jobs of all staff encourage their contribution to business success In Meena bazaar they actually follow some procedure to ensure that that all staff are giving their best for the business success. * measuring employee performance and holding employees accountable, * providing the communication necessary to align each employee’s actions with the organization’s overall business goals, * pursuing the employee development necessary to ensure success, and * Making a commitment (time, tools, attention, reinforcement, training, and so forth) to keeping employees engaged over the long haul because they fundamentally believe and understand that no other strategy will produce as much success – for both the business and the employees. Recognition and reward, Effective performance feedback, Shared values and guiding principles, relate effectively with employees, Positive relationships with coworkers. * Continually examining and improving operations practice (called operations improvement) At least one new consumer packaged goods product is launched somewhere in the world every two minutes. Retailers know they can increase market share if they can be first in their trading area to introduce a popular new item or do a better job of marketing it than their competitors.† Distribution, Placement, Point of sale, Promotions, Price Changes are important aspects to examine and improve their operations practice. * Monitoring and enhancing quality of service to customers (called quality management) Quality in retailing is a package, consisting of goods quality and service quality in combination. Quality assurance systems aim to maintain a consistent level of quality in the flow of goods, and quality control system aim to halt the progress of faulty products in supply chain. There are some processes that meena bazaar applying in their shop to give the best service to the customer. So, they flow some process to give the full satisfaction to the customers. * Customers are assets of the retail business and the retailer can’t afford to lose even a single customer. * Greet customers with a smile. * Assist them in their shopping. * The sales representatives should help the individuals buy merchandise as per their need and pocket. * The retailer must not oversell his products to the customers. Let them decide on their own. * Give the individual an honest and correct feedback. If any particular outfit is not looking good on anyone, tell him the truth and suggest him some better options. * Never compromise on quality of products. Remember one satisfied customer brings five more individuals to the store. Word of mouth plays an important role in Brand Promotion. * Arrange for fast replenishment of products: High margin items should be placed in high traffic Areas. High demand items should be placed in low traffic areas. Complementary items should be placed near each other. Seasonal needs should be considered. Items needing frequent restocking should be placed near storerooms or cash registers. Larger departments should be placed in lower traffic areas. So they can easily arrange for the fast replenishment of products. * The retailer must ensure to manage inventory to avoid being â€Å"out of stock†. * Every retail chain should have its own warehouse to stock the merchandise. * Take adequate steps to prevent loss of inventory and stock * Maintain cleanliness and safety of storage area The Meena bazaar store always offers a positive ambience to the customers for them to enjoy their shopping and leave with a smile. * The store should not give a cluttered look. * The products should be properly arranged on the shelves according to their sizes and patterns. Make sure products do not fall off the shelves. * There should be no foul smell in the store as it irritates the customers. * The floor, ceiling, carpet, walls and even the mannequins should not have unwanted spots. * Never dump unnecessary packing boxes, hangers or clothes in the dressing room. Keep it clean. * Make sure the customers are well attended. * Don’t allow customers to carry eatables inside the store. * Site stores of an appropriate size in the most effective locations Strengths of the Meena Bazar is Size allows for competitive buying terms, Strong senior management, Flexible formats. Opportunities of the Meena Bazar are Forming or merging a strategic alliance with suppliers, Growth of non-food, Growth of convenience and compact hypermarket formats, Effective use of Clubcard database to increase basket size and Develop additional services. They have their branches in the most effective area like dhanmondi, jatrabari, uttara, banana, kuril and so on in almost all over the country. * Design elegant products which can be flat-packed efficiently Product will be designed in a way which is compact so that it can be attractive and minimization of shipment cost. Category signage helps consumers negotiate throughout the store to find the product categories they are looking for. The size of category signage varies widely from a lettering that is a few feet in height to merely inches. Space Productivity represents how effectively the retailer utilizes its space and is usually measured by sales per square foot of selling space or gross margin dollars per square foot of selling space.

A Newly Proposed Taxation Policy: The Fair Tax Act of 2007

Americans For Fair Taxation is a private, non-profit research and advocacy group that assembled a group of American economists to work on a federal tax code that would be â€Å"simpler,† â€Å"fairer,† and â€Å"more progressive† than before.The objective of the team was to design a new tax system that would be â€Å"revenue-neutral† and capable of truly unleashing the potential of the economy.   The new tax system was also meant to help in the â€Å"â€Å"new wealth creation for every working American.†Ã‚   The result was the H.R. 25: The Fair Tax Act of 2007 (â€Å"Executive Summary,† 2007).The Fair Tax Act of 2007 is today a proposal with the Congress.   As of the last day of the year 2008, the Act is meant to repeal both income taxes as well as payroll taxes.   According to the proposal, no individual’s income will be taxed after the implementation of the new Act.   â€Å"Capital gains taxes† in addition to the â₠¬Å"alternative minimum tax† would also be repealed.The Act includes payroll taxes of individuals as well as employers.   Medicare, federal unemployment taxes, and Social Security, would similarly be repealed when they are a part of the payroll taxes.The Fair Tax Act of 2007 further mentions corporate income taxes, gift and estate taxes, and the self-employment taxes to be repealed, thereby making it easier for Americans to enjoy their earnings and their wealth without paying the price of prosperity in taxes (â€Å"The Fair Tax,† 2007).The Fair Tax has been proposed as a replacement for the above mentioned taxes as of January 1, 2009.   The new tax is actually explained as a â€Å"national retail sales tax on all goods and services sold at retail.†The fact that it is still a tax for the government to generate revenues through, the new tax is meant to be â€Å"revenue-neutral,† which suggests that the new tax would have to be set at a level that is neces sary to generate government revenues the present sources of which would have to be replaced through it (â€Å"The Fair Tax†).The new tax would act as a 23 percent sales tax on all goods and services bought through retailers for personal consumption.   The exports of the United States will not be taxed on the principles of the Fair Tax.Similarly, business purchases of inputs are not to be taxed under the newly proposed taxation policy.   Other items exempted include used or old goods, investments, savings, plus education expenses including tuition fees (â€Å"The Fair Tax†).

Critical Response to Images Covering the Crisis in Libya

Critical Response to Images Covering the Crisis in Libya Photography is one of the most popular â€Å"expressive means† these days. Almost every newspaper article is supported with the relevant image. There are many kinds of photographs which are created according to certain technique and performed with different purposes. Photography in new has a great meaning as it helps readers understand the subject of the article, for example.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Critical Response to Images Covering the Crisis in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The documentary photography which is often used in news is aimed at recording certain places and events. But the photograph is not only a still image to be view, but according to Barthes (in Camera Lucda): â€Å"The photograph has a dual function. It is (at once) a fetish object and a transformational object (the w o ina) be closer†¦terms). The photography is also the means by which the shadow of the object understood as the real (and/as the mother) falls on the subject† (Kember 214). Thus, each photo is a significant addition to the text, but it can also serve as an individual source of information. Everything used in photography, focus, light, line, space, shade, etc. has specific meaning and function which produce the effect on the audience. In this paper, we are going to provide a critical response to images covering the crisis in Libya. The still images under analysis are from the BBC News: Libyan Crisis (image 4) (Fig. 1) and The New York Times: Detritus of War (image 3) (Fig. 2). These images are not only informational, but also contain certain ideas and tell stories. Every part on each picture is important in terms of the context and idea. In this paper, we are going to analyze the ideas and arguments of both pictures and discuss how the elements of each still image are used to transfer that idea. Main body First of all, it should be mentioned that both pictures are aimed at providing additional information to the articles to which they refer. The Fig. 1 image refers to the article in the BBC News â€Å"Gaddafi not Targeted by Strikes†. It shows one of the protest movements against the UN-backed action. In the picture, we can see several people from the crowd with placates with slogans like â€Å"No Blood for Oil†.Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People are anxious, their faces are tense. People and placates are on the central focus. The setting of the image is quite difficult to define, as we can see only people, but it is some street. However, the setting is not very important. What is important is the idea: to show what people fight for. In the second picture, from the New York Times (Fig. 2), we can observe only one person and a burning car. The aim of this picture is to show common situations that occur in the st reets in Libya. As opposed to the first picture, it is possible to see the setting and picture is not as emotional as the first one. The position of objects in both pictures is different and has a great meaning for the perception of the image by the audience. Barthes focuses attention on the relationships between object, image and time. He describes them as â€Å"that-has- been†: â€Å"I call photographic referent not the optionally real thing to which an image or sign refers but the necessarily real thing which has been placed before the lens, without which there would be no photograph. In the daily flood of photographs, in the thousand forms of interest they seem to provoke, it may be that the noeme That-has-been is not repressed but experienced with indifference, as a feature that goes without saying† (Barthes 22). Thus, a common thing between these pictures is that both of them provide information about events that took place during the conflict in Libya, and funct ion as additional source of information to the articles. However, they use different settings, focus, details and composition because they provide different ideas: Fig. 1 depicts the â€Å"mood and intentions† of people. Human emotion is in the focus of the picture. The aim of the second picture is just to illustrate the situation, show the fact.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Critical Response to Images Covering the Crisis in Libya specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second thing in common with the two pictures is that they have descriptions (or captions). According to Barthes, â€Å"the caption helps to choose the correct level of perception, permits to focus not simply the gaze but also understanding of the image† (118). Thus, the first picture Fig. 1 says, â€Å"Small-scale protests against the UN-backed action have continued in various cities around the world†. Thus, the reader under stands the history of the picture and acquires better understanding of its idea. The reader of the second article from the New York Times â€Å"U.S.-Led Assault Nears Goal in Libya† will be interested in evidences supporting the information in the article. Thus, the second image informs that, â€Å"for miles leading south, the roads were littered with burned trucks and civilian cars†. Thus, the reader understands the situation and becomes more informed of the issue. Burrett mentions that â€Å"descriptions are important to readers, because they contain crucial and interesting information that leads them to understand and appreciate images† (35). Thus, we see that description is a very important element of the still image, especially the one that is used in the newspaper article. Furthermore, as it was mentioned earlier in this essay, that every image is aimed at sharing a certain idea. As Bull says: â€Å"What a photograph means does not derive entirely from it s content (although it is essential that content is analyzed). By their very nature photographs are mobile signs whose meaning change across space and time and through virtual space too† (46). Thus, the idea of the photograph will be understood differently by different readers. Consequently, the context of every picture has its cultural implications and helps understand the peculiarities of the nation. In addition, both pictures have an ideological context, which can also be understood from the content, especially, in the first picture which depicts people, â€Å"reading an analog photograph as connected to reality is an ideological function of photographs based on their indexicality† (Sutton 165).Advertising Looking for term paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In the article â€Å"The Shadow of the Object: Photography and Realism, Sarah Kember mentions the words by Fred Ritchin that â€Å"the viewer must question the photograph at the basic physical level of fact† (8). In this light, the still images are used mostly to inform the reader and show certain facts. However, it cannot be argued that composition, focuses and other means used in both pictures are essential for the understanding of the articles to which they refer. Moreover, apart from their main function to illustrate the information in the article, they contain certain ideas that can be understood by readers and help the audience to create personal opinion on the issues that images depict. Fig. 1. BBC News: Libyan Crisis (image 4) Barthes, Roland. â€Å"Camera Lucida – Reflections on Photography† in The Photography Reader. Ed. Liz Wells. New York: Routledge, 2003. 19 – 30. Barthes, Roland. â€Å"Rhetoric of the Image† in The Photo graphy Reader. Ed. Liz Wells. New York: Routledge, 2003. 114 – 128. Barrett, Terry. Criticizing Photographs: An Introduction to Understanding Images. New York: Mc Graw Hill, 1999. Bull, Stephen. Photography. New York: Taylor Francis, 2009. Damian Sutton, Real Photography, in The State of the Real: Aesthetics in the Digital Age. Eds. Damian Sutton, Susan Brind, and Ray McKenzie. London: I.B. Tauris Co. Ltd., 2007. Kember, Sarah â€Å"The Shadow of the Object: Photography and Realism† in The Photography Reader. Ed. Liz Wells New York: Routledge, 2003. 202 – 217. Images: â€Å"Detritus of War.† Photograph. The New York Times, Web. â€Å"Libyan Crisis.† Photograph. BBC New, 22 Mar 2011. Web.

Take Nothing for Granted

Take Nothing for Granted Take Nothing for Granted Take Nothing for Granted By Mark Nichol Just when you think you know everything, you’re reminded that subtlety and nuance are part of even the most mundane information. It’s been said that facts are inconvenient things, but they’re especially vexing for writers, because there are facts, and then there’s what really happened. I just read today that a fellow named Gustave Whitehead preceded the Wright brothers in heavier-than-air flight by more than two years and stayed aloft longer and at a higher altitude than Orville Wright in his inaugural flight. That’s the conclusion of Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, the world’s most authoritative resource about aviation, which claims that Whitehead’s flight, and subsequent efforts preceding the 1903 launch of the Wright Flyer, have precedence. However, Whitehead’s claim is still in dispute, and most aviation authorities credit the Wrights, although their achievement is often qualified by references, for example, to â€Å"controlled, powered, and sustained flight in a heavier-than-air aircraft.† (They are also credited with being the first aviators to develop sophisticated flying instruments.) So, what is one to do when one seeks to write, perhaps merely in passing, about the dawn of flight? It is irresponsible, of course, to say that the Wright brothers invented the airplane, and neither did Whitehead. Nor were they, or he, the first to fly: The achievement of the Wright brothers was preceded by glider flights and powered but uncontrolled flights. Lighter-than-air manned (balloon) flight was first accomplished in 1783 dirigible (steerable) flight occurred the next year and historical accounts exist of working hang-glider-like contraptions built and tested (usually with disastrous results) hundreds of years ago. How, precisely, one qualifies such milestones depends on context and on the sophistication of the audience; a history of aviation directed at children will differ in its references from a technical treatise. But it’s the in between that counts for most writers: A newspaper or magazine article, or a trade book, that mentions the advent of manned flight must concisely acknowledge that the Wright brothers were aviation pioneers but do not deserve unqualified credit for priority. You may never have the occasion to mention flight in your writing other than a passing reference to the mode of travel to your recent vacation destination, but this lesson is scalable to any topic: Unequivocal claims of priority are hazardous to one’s credibility. Take care that such discussions are backed up by documentation and accurately expressed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadWhenever vs. When EverHyphenation in Compound Nouns